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RUDIMENTS

OF

MENTAL PHILOSOPHY,

AND

PHRENOLOGICAL CHART

OF

BY EN OS STEVENS

Y an Engineer y thoroughly acquainted with the strength and action of his machine can operate it most successfully, how much more efficiently must he direct his mental efforts, who understands the organs through which the mind communicates with material objects

K-

COPY RIGHT SECURED.

LAMPETER :

PRINTEP BY HENRY MILLER JR, 1839,

S'

RUDIMENTS OF PHRENOLOGY.

Phrenology teaches the powers and operations of (lie mind, and the me- dium through which it manifests itself.

THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

Of the science are that the mind manifests itself through the brain; of which different parts manifest different faculties, and that the better these parts are, the more efficiently they manifest their several faculties.

The Conditions of the brain, or qualities, which effect and indicate the suc- cess of mental operations are Health, Habit and Size. As in muscular actions, the operator is invigorated by health, rendered accurate and speedy by habit or practise, and strong by great size of limbs — so the brain, for it is a ner- vous substance, whose labor is to communicate between the mind and external subjects, is improved by a proper combination of these conditions or qualities. To illustrate : — Languor, or disease of the brain produces mental inactivity or derangement. Habit improves ones facility and precision of performing. As to the best size for the brain, it should bear a certain proportion to the size and vigor of the body, and the extent and intricacy of one's business. If too large for the body, the nutritive and stimulating organs cannot maintain it in vigorous and protracted exercise. If too large for one's business, one becomes restless from not being fully occupied, and his mind wanders to other objects. If below the usual size, the incitives to action are not strong, the small intellectual organs soon tire and become confused, and the reservoir of animal stimulus for menial and bodily labor weak and inefficient. Yet the best health and size of brain is of no immediate practical avail, till somewhat disciplined by habit. Since the nerves of the brain, like other parts of the nervous system, tire and operate weaker, and with less correctness, after long continued vigorous application, and when exhausted, are sometimes better refreshed than at others: men are sometimes more observing, intelligent, and moral, or vicious, than at others. Preserve then the brain in the best health and indefatigable energy !

The brain is formed by the expansion or branching out, in the head, of the spinal nerve. The branching out point is immediately between the external openings of the ears — whence the fibres extend in every direction, and termi- nate at such distances as to form a globular mass. It is enveloped by the skull, which, being of equal, or easily ascertainable thickness, indicates the form and size of the brain. Its health is ascertained as that of other parts of the system — but its habits, or education, can be learned only from inquiry, or experiments on the mental powers.

GENERAL APPLICATIONS.

The cerebral fibres which terminate at the forehead, are the organs of the intellectual powers — those at the side, the incitives to provide for and defend self — those at the back, the incitives to friendly intercourse and social attach- ments— and those at the top, the moral incitives. Now the larger and more active any organ is, the stronger it incites its possessor to procure its gratifica- tions ; and the deeper emotions of pleasure or pain it affords. The size and energy of the organs in different persons, being as different as the forms of their heads, they manifest as various powers and characters, as their mental organs are different. If, on inspection, the mass forward is found larger than that back of the ears, the possessor should manifest an intellectual turn of mind : but those in whom the region back of the ears predominates, can manifest but little or no taste or talent for literary or scientific pursuits, yet are the most companionable and affectionate of persons. In measurements of the head, to ascertain the pe- culiar mental powers of strangers, regard no bumps or hollows, but only the re- lative and absolute size of every organ, conceiving it to be a pyramid, whose apex is midway between the ears, and whose base is on the skulh

EXPLANATIONS. The proportionate size and energy of the organs are indicated by numerals — 10 indicating that which is of most frequent occurrence, and usual ration to the other developments — 20, altogether eccentric and con- trolling one's whole energies — 6, small or weak — 15, large or characteristic — 1, idiotic— and the intermediate numbers the intermediate degrees. The dotted lines in the cut indicate ihe lowest extent of the brain in the middle of the head. The plane of 80 degrees occipital distance, divides a well balanced head into equal portions.

TEMPERAMENTS. The Lymphatic appears where organization or nu- trition is very active. In such, the flesh and organs are formed soft, white and delicate ; and vigorous efforts of body or mind soon tire and render languid.

The Nervous is characterized by more and quicker nervous and mental stimulus and action, than the system ean long endure in continuous exercise.

The Sanguine appears when the stomach and lungs perform their functions with complete success; so as to produce rich nutricious and stimulating blood. It is indicated by a certain ruddiness of countenance, and a strong pulse.

The Bilious is the disposition of the constitution to organize or recruit in the most durable manner; so as best to endure hard and long labor, or intense and protracted mental application, with little fatigue or emaciation. With it the features are rough and dark, and the body and mind of the possessor most inde- fatigable; being the contrary of Lymphatic. Some degree, however, of each temperament, must every individual possess.

THE ANTESENSORIUM, or Amativeness, is the cerebellum or little brain in which the nerves ofthefive senses all terminate. To it they communi- cate their impressions ; and from it to the anterior brain the impressions are transmitted by nervous fibres, which pass from every part of the one to every part of the other. It delights ki the appropriate use of the Five Senses, and incites to their frequent use ; but is pained when they are abused. Seeing, iiearins;, smelling and tasting, being so much affected by circumstances, its energy is mainly manifested fey the voluntary exercise of the sense of feelingand motion

Persons with it large and vigorous ere distinguished for much violent muscular exercise of labor or amusements, and the society of Venus ; but it creates no at- tachments to the objects of it ; more than for the landscape, the lyre, the rose, or the table, by which one gratifies the eye, or ear, or nose, or appetite.

PERCEPTIVE®, OR INTELLECTUAL ORGANS.

The Perceptives delight and incite us to observe the qualities and relations of objects, for each of which there should be a distinct organ. But the organs, or sensoriums of Smell and Temperature have not yet been established by a suffi- cient number and variety of observations ; though several observations and ex- periments have suggested to many that they may be the portion of brain for- ward of Alimentiveness, below Acquisitiveness, marked in the cut by an inter- rogation point. When one or more organs are very predominant, they sponta- neously monopolize one's attention ; distinguishing him in one branch of knowledge, while he neglects others as less entertaining.

1. Configuration communicates with the mind as to forms, figures or shapes j which it learns, identifies, compares and directs in drawing or constructing. Its activity is manifested in writing, drawing, statuary, selecting, forming and com- bining materials in the arts, &c.

2. Extension notices the size of objects, and the size of the space or dis- tance between them. By it we determine an inch, or yard, or mile, and ob- serve differences and equality of size and distance. When active in an artist, it supersedes the necessity of frequent instrumental measurements, as it takes them by the eye.

3. Color observes and recognizes colors, and remembers the various shades. Taste and talent as to colors depend on it. Great energy in it is ne- cessary to painters, dyers, florists and dress makers, who should regard the har- mony of colors.

4. Alimentiveness takes cognizance of tastes, and when unvitiated, enjoys and craves such substances, and at such times only as the welfare of the stomach permits. When strong, it produces an exquisite taste, and discriminating pal- ate ; and Epicurianism as to food and drinks. Active in all successful cooks, confectionary, beer and cordial makers. When small, one little values good eating, &c.

5. Motion, o» Weight, observes of bodies their motions, velocities, momen- ta, tendencies to motion and weights, and the power requisite to render their positions staple ; or to prevent, control, stop or guide accurately their move- ments. It is strong and active in distinguished dancers, rope ballancers and tumblers, circus riders, carriage drivers, those employed on high buildings or masts, pilots, travellers, engineers, great throwers, gunners, &e., and presides over all voluntary motions, to render them precise and graceful.

6. Direction, or Locality, regards the direction of objects from each other, and the direction of the lines or surfaces of their sides or angles. It distinguishes different angles, and identifies similar; spontaneously keeps one's direction while travelling, whether the pathless wilderness, trackless deep, or the mean- dering ramifications of the streets of cities, and observes the relative locations of places. With Motion, and it lars:3, one loners to rove abroad.

8

7. Arrangement, or Order, collects our knowledge of the order in which objects are arranged ; as the order in which guests are arrange^ at table, sol- diers ill their ranks, goods or tools in a shop, and articles of furniture in a house, &c. It recognizes similar arrangements, and delights to find things in their proper places ; but pained at derangement.

8. Number incites to observe the number of objects, or phenomena, and enables to reckon readily. Energetic in accountants, receivers and disbursers of money, &c. With it very efficient, one counts objects in promiscuous clustors of 2, 3, 4 or 5, as readily as ordinary persons do by two and two.

9. Sound, or Tune, transmits to the mind our sensations on the sense of hearing. It observes, recognizes and discriminates sounds, and delights most in sounds most harmonious and melodious. When cultivated as to harmony and melody, it gives taste and talent for music, and remembers and identifies voices and the sound of instruments.

10. Individuality acquires- a sort of general idea of objects, so that if per- ceived again, it recognizes or identifies them. When strong, it enables one ever after to recognize almost every person, animal or thing that he has once per- ceived. This organ identifies the very same individual things ; while the other organs identify only the same qualities or relations, whether in the same objects or not; as Color recognizes blue, whenever perceived; and Configuration a sphere, of whatever material* composed.

1 1 . Language is employed in learning wrords and other signs, by ther per- ception or recollection of which, certain ideas are revived in the memory : As- the word Washington recalls our remembrances of him. It enables to learn language, commit names and paragraphs, take the ideas from the language of others, and communicate one's own. But the ideas to be recalled by it must first have been acquired by the other perceptives, otherwise language is unin» telligable. Its strength and activity gives facility in the use of language.

1 f£. Causality, distinguishes such objects as are the causes, agents, or prime movers of occurrence?. By discovering the causes of events, one learns what and how they are to be employed to produce the same, when desired. It directs in the use of means, and explanations of events, and desires and enables to learn the reasons of things, and to attribute phenomena to their proper agents.

1*1 Effectuality, or Comparison, observes at different stages of the pro- gress of events, the precise effect, or the exact state of affairs and circumstances, it recognizes like effects, however differently produced. New phenomena are explained to it, when discovered to be like effects already familiar, though the rationale of neither be known. Hence it reasons by similies, comparisons and analogies. But itcompares only as to effects, while the other organs compare as to what they severally observe.

i4L Eventuality notes the order in which events or actions succeed each other ; not only of external phenomena, but also of mental operations. It ena- bles to narrate circumstances, and undertake the items of business in theirproper succession. This organ notes the order or succession of events, but arrange- mcnt of things. Itssentirnent is "There should be a time for every thing $," aad it? employment is to discover when the time for each occurs.

9

15. Time is occupied in noting the progress of time, and the intervals be- tween or since events occurred. By it one judges of the lapse of time, is incited to be punctual, and can recognize of mark equal portions of time, as in music, or regulating the clicking of clocks and watches.

tNClTlVE ORGANS.

The Incitives severally delight one to pursue a certain employment; and when the Pereeptives discover the state of surrounding things, the mind makes that organ incite one to its favorite employment, for which circumstances indi- cate the best prospect for the greatest amount of gratification, with the least ex- posure to pain. While one's attention is occupied by the action of the organs most directly called into activity, the incitements of the other organs are scarce- ly felt, unless their sentiments are encroached upon, when they merely tend to restrain or direct one's actions within proper bounds. Since the strength of the Incitives are so various in different individuals, different organs affording the greatest amount of happiness when fully gratified, different persons are incited to undertake different things in the same circumstances, and to choose unlike occupations, in which their own strongest organs can have frequent exercise.

INCITIVES TO MENTAL ACTIVITY.

16. Imagination, Marvellousness, or Wonder, is constituted to incite the intellectual faculties to combine and arrange their operations so as to pursue a subject through, and to refrain from irrelevant ideas. When inactive, or weak, the pereeptives pursue their observations and reflections without system, and on all subjects indiscriminately. It delights in systematic observations, recollec- sions and meditations, and impresses one with a sense of the reality of the scene contemplated, in proportion to the evidence. When the pereeptives act in di- rect observation, the most action stirring faith or confidence is produced, but as the evidence becomes less direct or positive, faith or belief becomes weaker. If very large and active, with moderate Pereeptives, it frequently incites deep emotions of confidence, faith, or belief, though there be but little, or even indi- rect evidence ; being almost as strongly incited by imagining, as by the direct perception of circumstances. Hence credulousness and superstition, with taste for the supernatural. Weak and ignorant Pereeptives, being imposed on, pro- duce false beliefs, or absurd opinions and notions, and incline one to the hypo- thetical mode of reasoning.

It. Hope delights one to perceive circumstances such that one may attain desirable objects, and incites the Pereeptives to keep favorable opportunities in view. If they appear easily and certainly attainable, it produces the pleasura- ble emotion of Hope, with a resolution to strive for them when a convenient season occurs. If the Pereeptives be inefficient, hopes may be ill founded. If this organ be weak, and difficulties in the way, one becomes irresolute or des- ponding, if Cautiousness be active, for want of Hope's incitement to meditate favorable circumstances. If large, it ceases on favorable indications very eagerly producing visionary hopes, or too sanguine expectations. No one undertakes any enterprise, until the pleasurable incitement of Hope be felt in contemplat- ing it.

18.^ Novelty, or Mirthfulaess, or Wit, incites and delights one to make new discoveries of objects, then* qualities and relations, natural phenomena, 2

to

and strange occurrences ; to view objects in new lights and connexions, to use new modes of expression, originality of thought, action and mechanism, variety in the manners and customs, and to avoid sameness and repititions. Ideas very different from any thing before known, yet in perfect and evident harmony with familiar principles, are Wif— the novelty of the thought gratifying this organ, and the plausibility Imagination. In even serious or melancholy circum- tances and scenes, it strikes on new and mirthful ideas, and thus enables one to be humorous, when he chooses to indulge its activity.

19. Imitation is delighted when one perceives different things and actions exhibiting marked resemblances or analogies to other kiaown subjects ; and in manufacturing, to make the same kind of articles exact likenesses of each other; and in society, to render one's manners, customs, dress, pronunciation and style like those associated with. It is offended at oddities, or non-conformity to es- tablished usages and fashions. But oddities, with a sort of necessity, or pro* priety apparent in them, address Novelty, which absorbs attention. When active, it incites to observe so closely as to imitate precisely, or mimic. But if the imitation witnessed be so perfect as to excite the feeling of identity of the real or original object, Imitation is no longer gratified.

SO. Perfectability, or Ideality, is delighted by discovering a high state of perfection, utility and good order every where, and incites to neatness and refinement in person, apartments and deportment. It incites to and delights in good order of things and morals ; but is offended at and restrains from slovenli- ness^ obscenity, vulgarity and immorality. It allows not Imagination to con- template, nor Novelty to indulge the fancy on obscene or vulgar thoughts, pro- duces a taste for the neat, pretty and beautiful, and a talent for elegance and grace. It selects the chaste for, and excludes the vulgar from poetry, and expres- ses the ideas in happy metaphors, sonorous terms, rhyme and metre. Its sen- sations are the test of propriety and decorum.

21. Sublimity delights in our beholding or contemplating the vast or powerful, and incites to plan magnanimous schemes, to undertake arduous and noble enterprises, and to dwell in spacious apartments, from which is an exten- sive prospect. It enlarges one's aspirations, sphere of action and influence, and makes one settle on high and healthy sites, where are clear air and pure water, and to live in rooms of such size, that the air will not soon become contaminated by perspiration. When engaged on its favorite themes, its pleasurable emotions are frequently so intense, and so much absorb the nervous energy of the consti- tution, that the heart intermits its projection of the vital fluid, and the thrilling chills creep in rapid succession through the veins. Among its objects are deep caverns,high falls, lofty mountains, tremendous storms, grand martial, political, or charitable movements, the incalculable number and distance of the starry hosts, and the power, wisdom, goodness and glory of Him who made and governs all.

INCIT1VES TO PROVIDE FOR AND DEFEND SELF.

■22. Cautiousness is gratified at perceiving every thing in harmony with our personal safety, the welfare of those that he holds dear, and the success of favored enterprises, and incites the Perceptives to keep a vigilant watch of en- dangering things or circumstances, lest one suffer from them. Its deep emotion on the sudden appearance of great danger, restrains voluntary motion, checks vital action, and urges circumspection. The strength of the emotion of fear, is

11

in proportion to the greatness and probability of the danger, and the energy of the organ. When predominant, it affords a strong feeling of fear, even at little dangers, and thus produces doubt, cowardice, and despondency. While Hope acts as to actions, prospects, plans and future success, this organ' as to more im- mediate danger and tangible things. Carefulness and circumspection result from its activity.

23. Destructiveness incites the intellectual faculties to discriminate those objects of danger, opposition, hindrance, or inconvenience, whether anmiate or inanimate, which should be met, overcome, or destroyed, and impels its posses- sor to attack or oppose them on every occasion, and with an energy of fee.ling proportionate to the difficulty, and the value of the objects. Its sentiment is to remove or overcome obstacles effectually, but cares not whether by suasive or gentle means, or hy harsh and forcible, though it prefers the mode safest and easiest to one's self. With enlightened understanding, and correct moral senti- ments, its action is termed proper resentment, or virtuous indignation, or busi- ness-like energy ; but when directed by weak or depraved judgment, it becomes opposition, hatred, envy, malice, anger, retaliation, or revenge. When strong and active, it beams throngh the countenance impetuosity, destruction, defiance and self defence. If connected with enlightened judgement and sentiments, it opposes by the gentlest means, and without wanton injury ; yet prevails, if pos- sible, and triumphs completely, if the object be worth the pains. It delights in the removal or destruction of the obstacles to one's happiness, and renders one resolute and eager to contend against the troubles which beset life. Sometimes it is aroused to remove a human opposer, and if it is so large and active as to absorb the wkole cerebral stimulus, hearing little or none to the incitives to mercy and justice, it hurries its possessor on to commit manslaughter. Brit if pity, regard for divine and human laws, love of character, and fear of the ven- geance of others are voluntarily brought into exercise, they will almost always make him invent some milder manner of attaining his object.

24. Secretive ness directs attention to those obstacles which we deem it not safe or expedient to attack or oppose, and incites to be inventive to escape, ayoid, or conceal from those things which do not arouse Destructiveness to com- bat. Its expedients are to keep at a distance, keep one's own counsel, hide, dis- guise, conceal, feign, prevaricate, deceive, &c, with doing all which it is grati- fied. But if the other organs be more offended at such conduct, than itself pleased, it either yields to the danger, gives up the pursuit of its object, or on second thought, finds out some mode more moral to evade the danger. It affords tact or cunning as to secresy, both in keeping one's plans and sentiments con- cealed, and in discovering the designs, or secreted objects of others.

25. Combativeness renders one vigilant to discover the earliest good op- portunity to commence each of those things which other organs incite to accom- plish as soon as circumstances permit, and when they arrive, it ineites one to begin and prosecute the enterprise with appropriate vigor and despatch. By it one determines instantly, and is aroused to action at the precise moment, to put each part of one's designs in operation, and to prosecute all parts of business with energy and despatch. From its emotions, the soldier feels when it is ex- pedient to make his attacks, the moralist to enforce his precepts, the philanthro- pist his charity, the lover to avow his sentiments, the farmer te sow or reap, and finally, every one who feels a something impelling him to immediate efforts,

it

or despatch of business, or amusements. If very active, one is inclined to com- bat for insignificant considerations, but if inactive, he is dilatory and not expert in timing well his actions.

26. Acquisitiveness delights in providing means df subsistence and grati- fication, and incites the body and mind to exert themselves in the most vigorous and intelligent manner to procure them. The pursuit of wealth, trading and economy delight it ; nor can it be satiated with riches, for, like the appetite, its cravings need be gratified daily Ly new, and the ordinary amount of acquire- ments. Its sentiment is to accumulate property, leaving the honesty of the manners be regulated by the Moral Incitives. Its longings for accumula- tions drive one out to business, if it be strong ; but if it be weak, one will mani- fest but little tact, talent, or energy in pecuniary affairs.

^ 27. Constrtjctiveness is delighted with mechanical inventions and opera- tions, and incites the intellectual facultie% to conceive the most available or ex- pedient plans of constructing, improving, repairing, m- applying any instrument or machine. When one judges a plan of performing physical labor to be the most expedient, this organ is exercised by a pleasurable emotin, which impres- ses the plan on one's memory, and confidence in its expediency, when he wants only for Combativeness to stimulate when to begin. When large and active it stimulates and controls the Perceptives so effectually, that they manifest more intelligence and judgment in the mechanical operations and inventions, than on other subjects. On this principle, one may be a sage on some subjects, but a dunce on all others ; as a good mechanic may be a miserable financier or politi- cian, et vice versa. All mechanical operations and successful applications of labor gratify it, however small or simple, but it is displeased at awkward appli- cations of labor, or ill contrived buildings, machinery, or instruments, and is uneasy to improve them.

INCITIVES TO SOCIABLENESS.

These organs are all constituted to operate in a manner precisely analogous, but are directed towards different objects. Attachments to their several objects form in proportion to their attractive qualities, the length of time and frequency of perceiving them, the pains taken for their benefit, and the vigor of the organs but is pained at the injury, displeasure, or long absence of its objects of affection.

28. Inhabitiveness becomes attached to places and inanimate objects, and delights to perceive them frequently; but is painfully exercised when far and long from familiar objects. It produces attachment to home and country, de- lights to meditate on them, and to visit the scene of one's nativity or former residence; but renders one uneasy or home-sick on going abroad, till other ob- jects and organs absorb the whole attention and cerebral stimulus, so that this organ be prevented from sensation.

29. Adhesiveness contracts friendship and attachment to adults of one's own sex, delights to perceive them frequently, and in happy condition; it in- cites to befriend, assist, console and render them happy, and even to incommode one's self in benefitting them, in proportion to the strength of the attachment. It produces tact and disposition to be sociable, and to cultivate the friendship of Others. Its emotions are felt on meeting a long absent acquaintance.

13

30. Phtloprogenitiveness is the organ of attachment to youth, children and pets, delights at witnessing their presence and sports, and incites to assist, humor, gratify and improve them in proportion to the attachment. It produces tact and delight to see and occasionally associate with children, to amuse, teach, govern and obtain the friendship and esteem of them.

31. Phileteragenitiveness is the medium of attachment to adults of the other sex — is delighted with their presence, and incites to cultivate their so- ciety and friendship. It affords the sensibility by which one sex judges of and admires the charms of the other, and talent and disposition to be affable, socia- ble, gentle, courteous, agreeable and winning in one's manners or etiquette to- wards individuals of the other sex. The qualities attractive to this organ are beauty of form, size and complexion, grace of movements, sweetness of voice, excellence of understanding, education, refinement, health, respectability of family and occupation, personal attention to one's self, and due respect towards all, discreetness, enterprise, consistency, mirthfulness on proper occasions, kindness, ardour of affection, &c. The more of these, and the greater degree of them one exhibits, and through the more senses perceived, the quicker and stron- ger attachment forms.

The nervous fluid, or animal stimulus is supposed to be galvanism, generated in the stomach and lungs, and discharged abroad by muscular and cerebral ac- tion, after it has performed its office, emitting light, as when the galvanic or electric fluid is passed in a dark room, from one conductor to another, marking the transmission by an intense light. So the action of the fluid of sensation in the brain appears through the countenance, but especially through the eyes, which sometimes glare in a perfectly dark room. Again the discharges, during intense action, of different organs, are distinguished and indicated by the ex- pressions of countenance. If now the electric fire of the happy action of this organ beams from the eyes of one, and falls into the lenses of the eyes of an ad- mirer, it kindles a flame of admiration, and glow of social feeling, which warms ■* the heart, and attracts around it the strong cords of noble love, which may soon become conjugal affection. Since vision is indistinct at great distances, conver- sation far off not audible, and the sense of feeling can embrace only near objects, friends are most happy in each other's immediate presence, where their charms- make the most vivid and deep impressions. With that person, at whose pres- ence these feelings are most intense and reciprocal, an alliance is sought, in which they may enjoy each ethers society continually and exclusively, and marriage is proposed.

INCITIYES TO CORRECT MORALS.

32. Benevolence delights in the welfare of every sentient being, incites to relieve their sufferings, and increase their happiness. To this organ the sight of the sufferings of others is excruciating pain, and impels its posses- sor to pity and exert one's self to render sufferers comfortable, to remove or destroy the causes of their sorrow, and the obstacles to their enjoyment. It ren- ders one kindly disposed towards all, and enables one to distinguish and bestow true and accceptable benefits, and promote the pleasure of every creature. It is opposed to cruelty, severity, harshness of intercourse, and intolerance of free discussion, and liberty of opinion.

33. Subordination, or Veneration, incites the Perceptives to observe such beings, laws or institutions, as to which we ought to exercise obedience, defer

14

ence, submission, or respect, and delights to perceive proper subordination, and due respect to all, and veneration, submission and resignation to the divine will. It is offended at irreverence towards God, disobedience to parents, civil magis- trates, religious institutions and ministers, insubordination on military affairs, disrespect to teachers, the aged, talented and virtuous, and disregard of the rights of any creature. It is also offended at any servile subserviency, and makes one distinguish whom, what and how much one ought, under his circum- stances, to respect, regard or contemn various objects.

34. Authoritiveness, or Self Esteem, stimulates the Perceptives to de- termine in what circumstances, to what extent, and over what persons, animals, and inanimate ob/ects one may exercise authority or power ; and delights in dis- covering men, animals and things sub/ect to one's control or influence. It in- cites and delights one to command, preside, direct or advise, and enables to act with dignity, and to conduct one's self constantly so as to secure the greatest in- fluence. It is offended at being co??ipelled to serve or obey another, and restrains one from sports or occupations, by which personal influence may be lessened. When Subordination incites to yield or obey another, the Perceptives and mind are occupied by it, and do not awaken this organ to a sense of another's power, and then one submits with dignity. When active under weak intellectual pow- ers, it frequently tends to pride, insubordination, presumption, and domineering, and exercises itself in selfish and monopolizing transactions. It is gratified by every successful exertion of one's mental or bodily powers.

35. Approbativeness affords pleasure at seeing others approve or admire our personal appearance, dress, behavior, occupation, skill, education, manners, accomplishments, &c. It incites to conduct and deal with people in such a man- ner as to please, and win esteem; produces a turn of mind to be affable, courte- ous and agreeable to all. In seeking praise and commendation, it incites to do thousands of friendly, benevolent or fashionable acts in public, such as are popu- lar— defends character by arousing Destructiveness, and is irritated at being neglected, slighted or ridiculed. It gives tact to eulogise or flatter.

36. Firmness makes one careful to distinguish those circumstances in which one should exercise perseverance, or continue in action those mental or bodily organs which are then acting, and suppress the operation of others. It produ- ces perseverance in undertakings and enterprises, tenacity to sentiments, opin- ions and principles, which makes one argue still though confuted; firmness and steadiness of nerve and purpose ; but is displeased at change of pursuit and pur pose, or slackening or agitation of mind and nerves, on sudden excitement- But if the mind judges a change of conduct or principles necessary, this organ takes no offence.

37. Conscientiousness, while the other organs incite, direct, and delight, us in all the employments for which our constitutions adapt us, presides o^er them all, lest two or more organs incite us to different actions at the same time, making us bound to double business, and doing neither. This organ breaks off the hesitation, by throwing its influence on the side which the mind judges most worthy, giving it a preponderence sufficient to move us to action, and to withdraw the attention from other pursuits. Hence it disposes us always to act in accordance with our best judgment, and to be conscientious about every ac- tion. It is disgusted at, and restrains from vice and immorality. Yet its ad- monitions and restraints may sometimes be overcome by organs strongly and

15

suddenly excited with a weak or depraved understanding. If one frequently acts contrary to the dictates of this sentiment, it soon becomes torpid and dor- mant, so as to prevent painful sensations.

LOCATIONS OF ORGANS.

Since the situation and extent of but few organs can be definitely pointed out by evident and constant parts of the skull, it is deemed expedient to give a geo- metrical statement of the positions. As the situation of a place on the earth is known from its longitude and lattitude, so is any organ, from its distance in de- grees from the plane of the Tentorium, and from the Falx. The falx passes back and forwards, over the top of the brain, attached to the skull, and projecting down into the brain about three-fourths of an inch, thus marking it off into right and left hemispheres. The Tentoruim is a membrane attached in the same manner, and cutting the falx at right angles, and extending in so as to divide the brain down to the Medula Oblongata, or branching out point ; thus partitioning off' the Antesorium from the brain proper. These planes cut or cross each other at the Occipit, or small sharp prominence at the back of the head. Distance from the Oeeipit reckoned along the falx, around a centre midway between the ex- ternal opening of the ears, is Oeeipital Distance ; and from the falx to the right or left towards the ears is Falxal Distance. The Suture across Inhabitiveness is usually 35 degrees O. D., and across Subordination, 90 degrees O. D. But where they are more or less distant, the organs around must be considered as proportionably increased or diminished in 0. D. The right and left parts of every organ occupy corresponding parts of each hemisphere.

In the table, the first, second, fourth and fifth columns give the limits of the rgans, and the third and sixth, the point at which the Cephalometer is to be ad/usted to measure the length of the fibres, the seventh the usual length, and the last is to insert the measurements of particular person*

16

LOCATION OF THE ORGANS.

1 Configuration,

2 Extension,

3 Color,

4 Alimentiveness,

5 Motion,

6 Direction,

7 Arrangement,

8 Number,

9 Sound,

10 Individuality,

11 Language,

12 Causality,

13 Effectuality,

14 Eventuality,

15 Time,

16 Imagination,

17 Hope,

18 Novelty,

19 Imitation,

20 Perfect ability,

21 Sublimity,

22 Cautiousness,

23 Destructiveness,

24 Secretiveness,

25 Combativeness ,

26 Acquisitiveness, 21 Constructiveness, 28 Inhabitiveness, £9 Adhesiveness,

30 Philoprogenitiveness,

31 PhileteragenitivenesS)

32 Benevolence,

33 Subordination,

34 Authoritiveness,

35 Approbativeness,

36 Firmness,

37 Conscie?itiousness,

The" Antesensorium,

J

Ik

Falxal 'stances.

Oc Dis

cipital tances.

Lengths. Ave'g. Par'r

F'm.

to | M.

F'm.

to M.

F

8 4

160

160

155

?

8

16

12

150

160

155

?

15

23

19

13S

146

141

44

60

75

67

110

140

125

3,1

8

15

11

138

148

14*3

4,4

6

18

13

124

134

129

4,7

22

29

25

134

144

139

4,3

29

36

33

132

142

137

4,1

24

36

30

122

132

127

4,4

F.

8

4

140

150

145

4,4

16

28

22

144

156

150

?

12

24

18

118

1^8

123

4,9

F.

12

6

120

130

125

5,1

F.

12

6

130

140

135

47

12

24

18

128

138

133

4,5

20

30

25

100

118

109

4,8

12

24

IS

80

100

90

5,1

24

36

30

114

122

118

4,5

10

20

15

100

118

109

5,1

30

44

37

100

120

110

4,4

24

40

32

80

100

90

4,6

24

44

34

45

80

63

M

57

75

66

30

no

70

^?fW

44

57

50

40

90

65

4,0

40

60

50

0

44

22

3,4

40

60

50

90

120

105

3,7

36

50

43

120

140

130

3,6

F.

15

7

30

45

37

4.7

20

40

30

10

45

27

4J

F.

20

10

10

30

20

42

F.

40

20

0

10

5

3.6

F.

10

5

100

ISO

no

5.2

F.

12

6

80

100

90

5,3

F.

12

6

45

62

53

52

12

24

18

45

6%

53

5,1

F.

12

6

62

80

71

5,4

12

24

18

62

80

71

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