i:es not mean exactly the same thing when applied to the data from these two sources. In the one it means American-born persons whose fathers are of the Irish race. In the other it means American- born persons whose fathers were born in Ireland. The ethnic character of these two groups is, however, probably the same. Bear- ing in mind the different classification employed in the two sets of data, the same designation may, for convenience, be applied to these two second generation groups. The data upon which this conclusion is based regarding the ten- dency to assimilation of the Irish second generation are summarized in the following table of percentages: TABLE 8. — Deviation of the Irish second generation from the immigrant : New York court of general sessions and Massachusetts penal institutions. CLASSES OF CRIME. Gainful offenses. Offenses of per- sonal violence. Offenses against public policy. Offenses against chastity. New York court of general sessions: Irish- Immigrant CO. 5 29.1 3.5 Second generation 78.0 12.3 6.0 Native white of native father 79.7 9.8 8.9 Massachusetts penal institutions: Irish- Immigrant 4 4 3 0 90 0 1 i Second generation 10.0 3.6 83.5 1.6 Native-born of native father 20.6 5.3 68.0 3.8 Immigration and Crime. 15 TABLE 8. — Deviation of the Irish second generation from the immigrant: New York court of general sessions and Massachusetts penal institutions — Continued. GAINFUL OFFENSES. Burglary. Forgery and fraud. Larceny and re- ceiving stolen property. Robbery. New York court of general sessions: Irish— Immigrant... 9.3 0 0 47 7 3 5 Second generation 20 0 1 3 49 7 1 0 Native white of native father 20.3 5.3 51 4 2 4 Massachusetts penal institutions: Irish- Immigrant. 9 4 1 3 g .1 Second generation 1.5 .2 8.1 .3 Native-born of native father . . 3.2 g 15 9 .7 OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE. Abduc- tion. Simple assault. Violent assault. Homi- cide. Rape. New York court of general sessions: Irish- Immigrant 1.2 25 6 2 3 0 0 Second generation o 11 0 1 0 3 ' Native white of native father ... .7 7 9 5 7 Massachusetts pena] institutions: Irish- Immigrant 2 2 0 71 03 00 Second generation 3 4 11 07 00 Native-born of native father 4 7 23 21 11 CERTAIN OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY. Dis- orderly conduct. Drunk- enness. Gaming. Va- grancy. New York court of general sessions: Irish- Immigrant 1.2 Second generation 2 7 Native white of native father . ... 3.0 Massachusetts penal institutions: Irish- Immigrant 2.7 82 4 .05 2 5 Second generation 2 2 75 2 22 3 1 Native born of native father 2.5 53.5 .4 4 4 CRIMES OF PROSTITUTION. Crimes of prosti- tution. New York court of general sessions . Massachusetts penal institutions: Irish- Immigrant Second generation Native-born of native father . . . 0.1 .2 Insufficient data for comparison. 16 The Immigration Commission. By comparing the percentage of the native-born of native father witli the percentages of the Irish immigrant and second generation groups, in each trio of percentages, the divergence of the second generation from the first (or immigrant) will be seen to be always in the direction of the percentage of the native-born of native father. The other second generations compared in this manner with cor- responding immigrant groups are, in the case of the data from the New York court of general sessions, the English, German, Hebrew, and Italian, and in the case of the data from Massachusetts penal institutions, the Canadian, English, German, and Scotch. Each of these fails at some point to follow the rule of deviation from the corresponding first generation in the direction of the native-born of native father, but these exceptions are fewer in number than the cases of adherence to the rule. 3. RACES AND NATIONALITIES. Because of the presence of many different races in the immigrant group, it is of importance to separate this group into its constituent elements. Could classification of all immigrant criminals be made by race, such a separation would afford means of accurate analysis. But records of crime are not kept by race of the offender, the classi- fication of foreign-born persons being almost universally by country of birth. One set of data has been obtained which gives a true racial classification. This consists of only 2,262 records of convic- tions in the New York court of general sessions, which were reported by an agent of the Immigration Commission detailed to attendance at that court. All other records of crime which form the data of this analysis are by country, or other geographical division, of birth. In discussing these data the term "nationality" has been employed to indicate such political or geographical origin. As this frequently appears to be synonomous with race, distinction of the two terms has not always been made. It is well to bear in mind, however the fact that only a small part of the data shows distinct and accur- ate race groups. From the records analyzed, a number of coincident relations of various nationalities to crime appear. The more striking of these may be summarized to show which crimes and classes of crime belong more distinctly to the aggregate criminality of well-defined nationalities. This is done by observing those instances in which a nationality has the highest percentage of a specific crime or class of crime in several sets of data. The data forming the basis of this comparison of races and nation- alities consist of criminal records from the following sources': 1. New York City magistrates' courts. 2. New York court of general sessions. 3. County and supreme courts of New York State. 4. Chicago police department. 5. Massachusetts penal institutions. Immigration and Crime. 17 SUMMARY BY CRIME. The aggregate gainful offenses form, in three of the five sets of data, a larger percentage of the crimes of persons of American birth than of those of any other group of offenders. Of the aggregate offenses of personal violence, the Italian percent- age is highest in four of the five sets of data. The group of offenses against public policy composes a larger per- centage of the crimes of Italians in two sets of data than of those of any other nationality. In one of the other three the Scotch per- centage ranks first and the Irish second; in another the Irish per- centage is greatest and the Scotch second in rank; while in the third the Irish percentage is first in rank and the Scotch fourth. The aggregate, offenses against chastity are shown by the figures from two of the five sources to occupy a larger place in the crimes of the French than in those of any of the other nationalities. When inquiry is made concerning the relations of the different nationalities to the various offenses composing these four classes of crime, a number of instances are found where the highest percentage shown by the figures from several sources belongs to the same nationality. Blackmail and extortion. — While the number of cases of blackmail and extortion is not large, the figures from four of the five sources of data throw the Italian commission of these crimes into the fore- ground. In the records of commitments to Massachusetts prisons but one commitment for extortion and none for blackmail are found. This single case is that of a native-born person of native parentage. In the four other sets of data, however, the percentage which cases of blackmail and extortion form of the total crimes of Italians is in excess of that which they form of the total crimes of any of the other race or nationality groups appearing in the records. Burglary. — This occurs with greater relative frequency among the crimes of American-born persons, in three of the five sets of data, than among those of any other group of offenders. Robbery. — In two of the same three sets of data this likewise forms a larger percentage of the criminality of Americans than of the criminality of any other nationality. Larceny and receiving stolen property. — For these the highest per- centage in two sets of data is that of the Russians. The figures from one of the other sources give the Russian percentage as third in rank, being exceeded by the American and English percem ages. Abduction and Jcidnaping. — In only three of the five sets of data do a sufficient number of cases of abduction and kidnaping appear to permit of satisfactory comparison of race or nationality groups of offenders. In two of these three the Italian percentage of these crimes exceeds that of every other race or nationality. In the third the Greek percentage is slightly greater than the Italian, which ranks second. It may be observed that in the two sets of data which give the Italians the highest percentage of abduction and kidnaping no group of Greek offenders appears. Homicide. — Of all the various race and nativity groups the Italian stands out sharply in the analysis of each of the five sets of data as having the largest percentage of homicide among its crimes. 18 The Immigration Commission. Rape. — Tliis forms a larger percentage of the crimes of Italians in three sets of data than of those of any other group of offenders. In one of the remaining two sets of data the Italian percentage is second in rank. Violation of city ordinances. — The reports of the New York City magistrates' courts and of the Chicago police department alone con- tain records of the violation of city ordinances. With regard to these offenses the data from these two sources do not agree upon the rank of the various nationalities, but a striking similarity is found. In Chicago the Greeks have a larger percentage of violations of city ordi- nances than any other nationality. In the Boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx in New York the same thing is found. When, how- ever, Greater New York is substituted for these two boroughs, it becomes impossible to show the Greek percentage, as the records of the boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, and Richmond do not show any figures for the Greeks. Of the nationalities appearing in the records of all five boroughs of Greater New York, the Italian stands highest in percentage, while the percentage of the Russians is second in rank. By taking; the highest percentage found in the figures for Manhattan and the Bronx and the highest two appearing in the figures for Greater New York the following striking similarity to the Chicago data is brought out: TABLE 9. — Violation of city ordinances compared with all offenses: New York City magistrates' courts and Chicago police arrests. New York. Chicago. • Nationality. Per cent of all offenses. Nationality. Per cent of all offenses. Greek (Manhattan and the Bronx) 86 0 Greek 30 8 Italian (Greater New York) . 39.6 Russian 17.7 Russian (Greater New York) 32.3 Italian 13 5 Crimes of prostitution. — In only two of the five sets of data has a comparison of the various groups of offenders been made with respect to the place of crimes of prostitution in their criminality. These two sets of data are fairly comparable, being the records of cases in the New York City magistrates' or police courts, and of arrests by the police in the city of Chicago. Each of these shows crimes of prosti- tution to compose a considerably larger percentage of the total offenses of the French than of those of any other nationality. SUMMARY BY NATIONALITY. The races or nationalities which thus stand out prominently in these records of crime as exhibiting clearly defined criminal characteristics are these: American (including all native-born persons, loth white and colored}. — In three of the five sets of data the aggregate gainful offenses form a higher percentage of the crimes of Americans than those of any other group of offenders. The highest percentages of the specific crime of burglary in these three sets of data also belong to the American-born. Immigration and Crime. 19 The three sets of data thus agreeing are those from the New York City magistrates' courts^ the county and supreme courts of New York State, and the Chicago police department. In the first and third of these the American percentage of robbery is also greater than that of any other race or nationality group of offenders. French. — In the data from the Xew York City magistrates' courts and the police department of Chicago natives of France have a higher percentage than any other persons of the aggregate offenses against chastity and of the specific "crimes of prostitution'' belonging to that group of offenses. Greek. — The records of the city magistrates' courts of the Boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx in New York, and of the Chicago police department, show the highest percentage of violations of city ordi- nances to be that of persons born in Greece. Comparison of the Greeks with other nationalities in the records of the city magistrates' courts of all five boroughs of Greater New York is not possible, as the courts of three of the boroughs show no separate Greek group in their records. Italian. — The Italians have the highest percentages of the aggregate offenses of personal violence shown by the data from the New York City magistrates' courts, the New York court of general sessions, the county and supreme courts of New York State, and the penal insti- tutions of Massachusetts. The Chicago police records alone show a diiferent condition; in them the Italian percentage is exceeded by those of the Lithuanians and Slavonians,0 neither of which nationalities appears as a separate group in the data from the four other sources. Certain specific crimes of personal violence also belong distinctively to Italian criminality. Abduction and kidnaping in the figures from the New York City magistrates' courts and the county and supreme courts of New York State form a larger percentage of the crimes of Italians than of those of any other group of offenders. In the Chicago figures the Italians rank second in percentage of these crimes, being very slightly exceeded by the Greeks. In the remaining two sets of data no comparison of nationalities is made with regard to these crimes, because of the small number of cases. Of blackmail and extortion the Italians also have the highest per- centage in the four sets of data having a sufficient number of cases to make comparison possible. The Massachusetts figures have only one case, and therefore afford no field for such comparison. In all five sets of data the Italians have the highest percentage of homicide. Rape likewise forms a higher percentage of the crimes of Italians than of those of any other nationality in the statistics of the New York City magistrates' courts, the New York court of general sessions, and the penal institutions of Massachusetts. In the county and supreme court records of New York State the Italian percentage of rape is second in rank, being very slightly exceeded by the German, while in the Chicago figures the Greeks report a higher percentage. Of the aggregate offenses against public policy, the Italian per- centage exceeds all others in two sets of data — those from the New York court of general sessions and the county and supreme courts of New York State. Of violations of city ordinances shown in the 0 " Slavonians " is a term employed by the Chicago police department to designate persons born in Croatia or Slavonia. 20 The Immigration Commission. records of the city magistrates' courts of Greater New York, the Italian percentage is greatest, while of the same offenses shown in the records of arrests by the Chicago police, the Italian percentage ranks third. Russian. — Of the aggregate gainful offenses the percentage of per- sons born in Russia ranks second in those three sets of data in which the American percentage of these crimes is first in rank: — those from the New York City magistrates' courts, the county and supreme courts of New York State, and the Chicago police department. " The Russian percentage of the specific crimes of larceny and receiving stolen property is also striking. In the figures of the New York City magistrates' courts it is third in rank, being exceeded by the American and English ; in the figures of the county and supreme courts of New York State it is greater than all other percentages. Further than this, the Russian percentage of violations of city ordinances is second in rank in the data from the New York City magistrates' courts (Greater New York) and the Chicago police department. THE CITIES OF NEW YORK AND CHICAGO. An interesting comparison can be made of crime in the cities of New York and Chicago as revealed by the records of cases in the city magistrates' or police courts of the former and of arrests made by the police of the latter. While the New York figures cover the eight years from 1901 to 1908, inclusive, and the Chicago figures only the four years from 1905 to 1908, inclusive, there is a Similarity in the nationalities of the two cities having the highest percentages of each of the four well-defined classes of crime. Of the aggregate gainful offenses, the largest percentage is that of the native-born, while the percentage of the Russians is next in rank. The figures from both cities show the same relation of these two groups of offenders. The aggregate offenses of personal violence form a larger percentage of the crimes of Italians in New York than of those of any other nationality. In the Chicago figures the Italian percentage is third in rank, being exceeded by the percentages of the Lithuanians and the Slavonians. Neither of these nationalities, however, is shown in the New York records, being included (if they appear at all) in the group of "other foreign'7 offenders. Of the three nationalities having the highest three percentages of the aggregate offenses against public policy in New York and Chicago, two are common to both cities, the Irish and the Scotch. In New York the Scotch rank first and the Irish second ; in Chicago the Irish rank second and the Scotch third, the first place being occupied by the Chinese, who do not appear as a separate group in the New York figures. The highest percentage of the aggregate offenses against chastity in each city is that of the French. In Chicago the Russian percentage ranks second and in New York third, being exceeded by that of persons born in Germany. With regard to some of the specific crimes appearing hi these four crime groups certain likenesses are also found. Immigration and Crime. 21 Blackmail and extortion. — These form a larger proportion of the crmies of Italians in both cities than of the crimes of any other nationality. Kurglary. — In both cities this appears with greatest relative fre- quency among the crimes of American-born offenders. Larceny and receiving stolen property. — These* form a larger per- centage of the crimes of Americans in New York than of those of any other nationality, while the percentages of the English and the Rus- sians are respectively second and third in rank. In Chicago the Russian percentage stands first in rank, and the American second; the English percentage here ranks tenth. Robbery. — Of this crime the American percentage is greatest in both cities. Of the various offenses of personal violence only three present striking likenesses in the relations of nativity groups in the two cities. These are abduction and kidnaping, violent assault, and homicide. Abduction and Icidnaping. — These form a larger percentage of Italian crimes in New York than of those of any other nationality. In Chicago the Italian percentage stands second in rank, being slightly exceeded by that of the Greeks. In the New York figures, however, no separate Greek group is to be found. Violent assault. — The highest percentage of this crime shown by the New York figures is that of the Italians. In Chicago the Sla- vonians and Lithuanians, neither of which nationalities appears in the New York records, have higher percentages than the Italians, although no other nationality has. Homicide. — This is, in each of the two cities, relatively more frequent among the crimes of Italians than among those of any other group of offenders. The violation of city ordinances and vagrancy are the only offenses against public policy showing notable similarities in the nationalities having the highest precentages of them in the two cities. Violations, of city ordinances^ — The nationalities having the largest proportions or violations of city ordinances is not the same in both cities, but when the statistics for the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx are employed in place of the figures for Greater New York, as was done on page 18, the Greek is found to exceed all other national- ities. This is the nationality whose percentage outranks all others in the Chicago figures. Of the nationalities found in the records of the five boroughs of Greater New York, the Italian ranks first and the Russian second. The Chicago figures show the Russian percent- age to be second in rank (being exceeded by the Greek percentage) and the Italian third. Vagrancy. — In New York vagrancy forms a larger percentage of the offenses of the English than of those of any other nationality. In Chicago the American percentage equals the English, but all other percentages are less than these. Offenses against chastity. — Comparison of New York and Chicago has already been made (page 18) with respect to crimes of prostitu- tion, the only offenses against chastity subjected to special analysis. Beyond the fact, however, that these crimes are found to occur with greatest relative frequency among the offenses of the French, it may be noted that the Russians stand out rather prominently in both cities. In Chicago the Russian percentage of these crimes is 22 The Immigration Commission. next in rank to that of the French; in New York the Russian per- centage ranks third, being exceeded only by the French and German percentages. It will be of interest here to present tables showing the percentage of each crime and class of crime belonging to the various nationalities found in the records of New York and Chicago, as it will make pos- sible the further comparison of the two cities without seeking the data in the separate sections of this report in which fuller analysis of the figures is made. In the following tables only those nationalities appearing in the data from both cities are shown: TABLE 10. — Nationalities compared with regard to percentage of crimes: New York City magistrates' courts and Chicago police arrests. CLASSES OF CEIMES. Nationality. Gainful offenses. Offenses of personal violence. Offenses against public policy. Offenses against chastity. New York. Chicago. New York. Chicago. New York. Chicago. New York. Chicago. American English 10.1 8.1 4.3 7.7 4.4 6.4 8.3 5.5 14.8 10.7 10.5 11.1 5.6 11.4 12.4 6.6 3.9 3.5 1.6 4.3 3.7 7.3 3.3 2.6 4.6 5.0 4.8 6.6 5.6 10.6 6.4 4.9 84.9 87.4 89.7 86.2 91.2 84.9 86.9 91.3 73.8 79.0 71.5 77.0 85.6 74.0 85^2 0.6 .5 4.1 1.2 .2 .8 .9 .3 5.1 3.3 11.6 2.9 1.4 3.0 9.0 1.8 French. German Irish Italian Russian Scotch . .. GAINFUL OFFENSES. Nationality. Blackmail and extortion. Burglary. Forgery and fraud. Larceny and receiving stolen property. Robbery. New Chi- Yortc. ! cago. New York. Chi- cago. New York. Chi- cago. New York. Chi- cago. New York. Chi- cago. American 0. 03 0. 013 .06 ! 2.0 1.0 . 6 1.3 .7 1.4 1.5 .5 2.9 1 3 8 1 7 5 1 2 1 0 1 1 0.11 .15 .05 .14 .02 .03 .07 .09 1.8 1.5 1.1 1.6 .7 2.1 1.5 .6 7.4 6.6 3.3 6.0 3.4 4.4 6.4 4.7 8.3 6.8 7.8 6.9 3.7 7.0 0.2 4.2 0.6 .3 .3 .3 .3 .4 .3 .2 1.7 1.1 .9 .8 .7 1.0 .7 .7 English French .0* German .02 .010 .01 ' .009 . 17 ! .068 . 02 j 054 .02 ! Irish Italian Russian Scotch I OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE. Nationality. Abduction and kidnaping. Assault, simple. Assault, violent. Homicide. Rape. New York. Chi- cago. New York. Chi- cago. New York. Chi- cago. New York. Chi- cago. New York. Chi- cago. American 0.04 .02 .05 .04 (a) .15 .08 .02 0.042 .086 2.4 2.2 1.0 2.7 2.4 3.0 il 1.7 2.2 2.6 2.1 3.6 3.2 3.1 4.0 2.7 0.8 .6 .4 .9 .8 3.1 .7 .6 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.3 3.5 1.5 1.1 0.5 .5 .2 .5 .5 .7 .3 .2 0.9 .8 .9 1.1 .9 3.1 .5 .8 0.13 .15 .02 .13 .03 .35 .09 .11 0.31 .34 .329 .326 .26 .63 .34 .28 English French German .036 "".m .054 Irish Italian Russian Scotch a Less than 0.01 per cent. Immigration and Crime. 23 TABLE 10. — Nationalities compared with regard to percentage of crime: New York City magistrates' courts and Chicago police arrests — Continued. CERTAIN OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY. Nationality. Disorderly conduct. : Vagrancy, truancy, and incorrigibility. Violation of corpora- tion ordinances. New York. Chicago. New York. Chicago. New York. Chicago. American 33. 9 23. 6 59.1 28.2 23.9 22.5 32.1 16.9 55.7 66.6 5fi.5 61.3 76.6 48.3 44.2 74.6 4.8 6.5 2.8 6.2 6.4 1.6 1.3 5.8 1.0 1.0 .3 .3 .5 .5 .6 .9 6.6 4.9 3.6 7.4 2.4 39.6 32.3 4.7 6.1 6.4 10.3 10.4 5.7 13.5 17.7 6.9 Englisii French ... German Irish Italian Russian Scotch CRIMES OF PROSTITUTION. Nationality. Crimes of prostitution. New York.a Chicago. American... 0.4 .3 3,6 .9 .1 .5 .7 .1 4.4 2.7 10.3 2.1 1.1 2.3 7.9 1.4 English 1 French German... Irish Italian Russian Scotch a The percentages of New York are those for "disorderly house'' cases. THE STATES OF NEW YORK AND MASSACHUSETTS. While wholly comparable data have not been obtained from the States of New York and Massachusetts, and detailed comparison of crime in the two States can not profitably be made, a striking simi- larity is found in the statistics of commitments to Massachusetts penal institutions for offenses of personal violence and of convictions of like offenses in the county and supreme courts of New York. The New York records show that seven of the eight foreign nation- ality groups appearing in them have higher percentages of the offenses of personal violence than the native-born, while in the Massachusetts records nine of the eleven foreign nationality groups shown have higher percentages than the American-born. An interesting likeness exists in the immigrant groups of the two sets of data which exceed the native group in percentage of the offenses of personal violence. 24 The Immigration Commission. The following arrangement of the various groups in descending order of percentages makes this clear: TABLE 11. — Offenses of personal violence: New York county and supreme courts and Massachusetts penal institutions. New York. Massachusetts. Rank. Nationality. Per- centage. Rank. Nationality. Per- centage. 1 Italian 39 3 1 Italian 24 0 2 Austro-Hungarian 18 6 2 A ustro-H ungarian 22.8 3 Polish 17 7 3 Polish 16 4 4 Irish 16 5 4 Russian 15 5 (German 5 German 7.7 5 \Russian > 13.0 6 Finnish 7 0 6 Canadian 12.9 7 English . 5.3 7 American (total) 11.7 8 Canadian 5 o 9 Swedish 4.6 10 American (total) 4.5 Of the seven immigrant groups having higher percentages than the native-born in the New York figures, six are found in the Massa- chusetts figures exceeding the native-born in percentage. It is also striking that the data from both States should show the three groups of offenders having the highest three percentages to be the same — Italian, Austro-Hungarian, and Polish — and to have the same rank. 4. ALIENS, OR UNNATURALIZED IMMIGRANTS. When in 1904 the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization first enumerated the aliens detained in penal institutions throughout the United States, it was found that 1,213 such prisoners were in confinement for "murder" or "attempt to murder." As the total number of alien prisoners enumerated was 9,825, this group com- posed approximately one-eighth (12.3 per cent) of the entire body. The next enumeration was made in 1908. As tabulated by the Immigration Commission from the original schedules, the data then gathered show 1,588 alien prisoners under sentence for "homicide" or "attempted homicide" (presumably the same crimes as those designated in 1904 as "murder" and "attempt to murder"). Such persons comprised 12.4 per cent, or about one-eighth, of all alien prisoners guilty of violations of the law who were in confinement at the time of the enumeration. a In Tables 12 and 13 is shown, by race, the number of aliens detained in penal institutions for these offenses in 1904 and 1908. The accompanying diagram illustrates the conditions in 1904. a In the tabulation of the 1908 data only those prisoners were included who had been judged guilty of an offense. The 1904 figures probably include a number of prisoners who had not yet been tried, and thus the data for the two years are not wholly comparable. Immigration and Crime. 25 13 Lithuanian 6 Magyar... 61 Mexican Croatian and Slovenian 9 Polish English 53 Russian . . . . . , Finnish 22 Scandinavian . . . . French . . 39 Scotch German 113 Slovak Hebrew 12 Spanish Irish 53 All other races ... 393 31 Total.. TABLE 12. — Number of aliens detained in penal institutions for murder and attempt to murder, United States, 1904, by race. [Compiled from Report of Commissioner-General of Immigration for year ending June 30, 1904; p. 62.] 8 29 177 68 21 30 7 25 7 36 1,213 TABLE 13. — Number of alien prisoners under sentence for homicide and attempted homi- cide, United States, 1908, by race. [Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.] African Canadian, French Canadian, Other Chinese Croatian English 59 Finnish French German 103 Greek Hebrew Irish Italian, North A more exact comparison of the several races can be made with regard to the 1908 figures by computing the percentage which those prisoners under sentence for homicide and attempted homicide form of the total number confined for known offenses. These percentages are shown in the following table. Marked differences here appear between various races. Over one- third of all Chinese prisoners were in confinement for homicide or attempted homicide, more than one- fourth of the North Italians, over one-fifth of the South Italians, over one-sixth of the African, Magyar, and Finnish, and over one- tenth of the Croatian, Slovak, Lithuanian, and Greek, while of only half the races shown in the table was homicide or attempted homicide the crime of less than one in every ten alien prisoners. TABLE 14. — Relative frequency of homicide and attempted homicide among alien prisoners, United States, 1908, by race. [Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.] 26 Italian, South 534 18 Lithuanian 19 16 Magyar.. . 60 40 Mexican ... 215 9S Polish 82 59 Russian 13 3? Scandinavian . . 30 11 Scotch 11 03 Slovak 50 17 All other races 99 15 28 Total 1,588 86 African 18. 2 Canadian, French 4. 3 Canadian, Other 5. 4 Chinese 38. 8 Croatian 15. 9 English 7.2 Finnish 17. 3 French 6. 9 German 8.9 Greek 11.4 Hebrew 2. 2 79340°— VOL 36—11 3 Irish 2.2 Italian, North 27.1 Italian, South 23.1 Lithuanian 12. 3 Magyar 17. 5 Mexican 27.8 Polish 6.9 Russian 8. 3 Scandinavian 6. 0 Scotch 3.9 Slovak ... 12.9 26 The Immigration Commission. Number of aliens detained in penal institutions for murder and attempt to murder, 1904. [Compiled from annual report United States Commissioner-General of Immigration, 1904.] Immigration and Crime. 27 Of the 1,588 alien prisoners under sentence in 1908 for homicide and attempted homicide, the period of residence in the United States prior to commitment was learned with regard to 1,524. Nearly one- fourth of this number, or 24 per cent, had been imprisoned for the crime within three years after their arrival in this country. Among 6 races the proportion exceeds one-fourth of the number reporting, as is shown in the following table: TABLE 15. — Per cent& of aliens in prison for homicide or attempted homicide who had been in the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by race. [Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.] African 15. 4 Canadian, French 11. 8 Canadian, Other 20.0 Chinese 2. 7 Croatian 17. 4 English 12. 7 Finnish 18. 8 French 18. 2 German 17. 5 Greek 26.7 Hebrew. . . 7. 7 Irish 12.0 Italian, North 21.7 Italian, South 30.0 Lithuanian 26. 3 Magyar 35. 6 Mexican 19. 4 Polish 32.5 Russian 38. 5 Scandinavian 11. 1 Scotch 18. 2 Slovak 20.0 From these figures it appears that over one-third of the Russian and Magyar aliens in prison for homicide or attempted homicide were committed before they had been three years in the United States ; the same is true of over one-fourth of the Polish, South Italian, Greek, and Lithuanian; one-fifth or more of the North Italian, Canadian other than French, and Slovak ; over one-sixth of the Mexican, Finnish, French, Scotch, German, and Croatian; more than one-seventh of the African, more than one-eighth of the English, more than one-ninth of the Irish and French Canadian, and more than one-tenth of the Scandinavian. In the case of the Hebrew and Chinese races, those whose commitments occurred within three years after arrival in the United States numbered less than one in every ten of the alien pris- oners reporting length of residence. It is not possible from available data to make any valuable statis- tical comparison of immigrants and natives, nor even of alien and naturalized immigrants, with regard to homicide. But such compari- son is unnecessary to bring out the fact that alien homicides are found in considerable number in our penal institutions and that a large proportion of these committed the crime soon after their arrival in the United States. The striking facts brought out by these figures suggest the value of a fuller analysis of ah' en criminality. The most complete data of this character which are accessible are those resulting from the enu- meration of alien prisoners in the United States made by the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization in 1908. The original schedules of this enumeration were loaned to the commission and new tables have been compiled from them. At the time of this enumeration there were 12,853 alien prisoners in the United States under sentence for violations of the laws. Nearly one-half of these belonged to four races only. South Italian pris- oners numbered 2,336, or 18.2 per cent of the total number; Irish ° Based on number reporting years in the United States. 28 The Immigration Commission. prisoners, 1,312, or 10.2 per cent; Polish prisoners, 1,229, or 9.6 per cent; and German prisoners, 1,191, or 9.3 per cent; making a total of 6,068 prisoners belonging to these four races, or 47.2 per cent of all alien prisoners enumerated. In the following table is shown the fur- ther distribution of alien prisoners according to race: TABLE 16. — Number of alien prisoners in the United States, 1968, by race. [Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.] African 145 Canadian, French 422 Canadian, Other 297 Chinese 104 Croatian 147 English 833 Finnish 189 French 164 German 3,191 Greek 149 Hebrew 693 Irish 1,312 Italian, North 320 Italian, South 2,336 Lithuanian 158 Magyar 355 Mexican 794 Polish 1,229 Russian, Scandinavian.. Scotch Slovak All other races. 156 508 286 407 655 Total a 12, 853 In the case of 247 prisoners the crime was not stated with sufficient definiteness to make the determination of its character possible. These cases have therefore been disregarded in the analysis of the data by race and crime. The remaining 12,606 prisoners have been grouped according to the character of their onense. The largest number were under sentence for gainful offenses, 4,648, or 36.9 per cent of the total number whose crimes were clearly enough defined to permit of classification, being convicted of such offenses. Next in numerical importance is the group of prisoners under sentence for offenses against public policy. This group consists of 3,783 prisoners, or 30 per cent of the total number classified. Offenses of personal violence caused the imprisonment of only a slightly smaller number, 3,337 prisoners, or 26.5 per cent, being under sentence for such crimes. Offenses against chastity were the crimes for which only 442 pris- oners, or 3.5 per cent, were confined, while the remaining 396 pris- oners, constituting 3.1 per cent of the total number, were convicted of unclassified crimes. TABLE 17. — Distribution of classes of crime among alien prisoners, United States, 1908. [Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.] Offenses. Number of prisoners. Per cent of total number. Gainful 4.648 3,783 3,337 442 396 36.9 30.0 26.5 3.5 3.1 Total 12,606 100.0 These relations of the several crime groups apply only to the 12,606 alien prisoners considered in the aggregate. Wnen the various races are regared as units a lack of uniformity is found to exist in the dis- o Includes 3 not reporting race. Immigration and Crime. 29 tribution of the classes of crime. The gainful offenses were the crimes for which the largest proportion of the alien prisoners of 11 races were confined, offenses of personal violence of 7 races, and offenses against public policy of 4 races, while offenses against chastity and unclassified crimes caused the commitment of smaller proportions of the prisoners of every race than did any of the three other crime groups. Those races which had a larger proportion of alien prisoners under sentence for gainful offenses than for any other class of crime are as follows, the percentage which such prisoners form of the total alien prisoners of each race being likewise shown: African 40. 6 Croatian 40. 0 English 46. 2 French 54. 1 German 46.8 Greek.. . 39.6 Hebrew 35. 7 Polish 38. 2 Russian 41. 0 Scandinavian 47. 2 Scotch.. .. 45.2 Those races having a larger proportion of alien prisoners confined for offenses of personal violence than for any other class of crime are: Magyar 39. 7 Mexican 43. 2 Slovak 31.2 Chinese 59. 2 Finnish 41. 1 Italian, North 50.8 Italian, South 46.5 Offenses against public policy caused the commitment of a larger proportion of the alien prisoners of the following races than did any other class of crime: Canadian, French 47. 1 Canadian, Other 44. 6 Irish 67. 7 Lithuanian . 36. 8 The per cent distribution of the several classes of crime among the alien prisoners of the various races is shown in Table 18. TABLE 18. — Per cent distribution of classes of crime among alien prisoners, United States, 1908, by race of prisoner. [Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.] Race. Gainful offenses. Offenses of per- sonal violence. Offenses against public policy. Offenses against chastity. Unclas- sified crimes. Total. African 40 6 35 0 18 2 4 9 1 4 ion o Canadian, French 31 9 11 7 47 1 5 2 A n Canadian, O ther 35 5 11 1 44 6 5 1 3 7 100 0 Chinese 18 4 59 2 20 4 1 9 inn o Croatian 40 0 33 1 22 8 4 i 100 0 English 46 2 14 1 33 4 4 7 1 fi ion o Finnish 22 7 41 1 29 2 3 8 3 2 100 0 French 54 1 17 0 20 1 6 3 2 5 100 0 German 46 8 17 7 27 9 4 2 inn n Greek... 39 6 33 6 22 8 3 4 g 100 0 Hebrew 55 7 6 5 28 4 6 7 0 C inn n Irish 20 1 6 8 67 7 2 6 2 g 100 0 Italian, North 30 g 50 8 14 5 2 2 1 9 inn n Italian, South 29 2 46 5 18 0 3 8 2 4 100 0 Lithuanian 34 2 25 8 36 8 1 3 1 9 100 0 Magyar 29 2 39 7 21 3 4 1 e o inn n Mexican 42 3 43 2 11 5 1 7 1 3 100 0 Polish 38 2 25 5 29 8 2 4 4 2 inn n Russian 41 0 25 0 25 6 2 6 5 8 100 0 Scandinavian 47 2 14 3 33 5 2 2 2 8 100 0 Scotch 45 2 10 6 39 2 3 2 I 0 inn n Slovak 25 8 31 2 29 1 3 1 10 8 100 0 30 The Immigration Commission. Gainful offenses. — Two races stand out prominently with respect to the gainful offenses. The largest proportion of commitments for these offenses is found among the Hebrews, 55.7 per cent of all the alien prisoners of this race having been imprisoned for such crimes. The French stand second in rank, 54.1 per cent of the French pris- oners being under sentence for like offenses. Of the specific crimes classified as gainful, larceny and receiving stolen property were those for which 35.1 per cent of all Hebrew alien prisoners were confined; burglary, the crime for which 15.4 per cent were imprisoned, forgery and fraud the offenses of 2.8 per cent, and robbery the offense of 2.5 per cent. Of the French alien prisoners, 25.8 per cent were under sentence for larceny and receiving stolen property, 17 per cent for burglary, 7.5 per cent for forgery and fraud, and 3.8 per cent for robbery. The Hebrews have a larger proportion of alien prisoners committed for larceny and receiving stolen property than any other race, and the French a large proportion committed for forgery and fraud. The relative frequency of burglary among prisoners of these two races is also notable. The Mexicans alone have a larger proportion of alien prisoners under sentence for this crime than the French, while the Mexican, French, English, and German races are the only ones which exceed the Hebrew in proportion of such prisoners. The proportion of French prisoners confined for larceny and receiving stolen property is also relatively large, being exceeded only by the proportions of the Hebrew, Croatian, Polish, and African races. No alien prisoners of the Hebrew or French races, however, were under sentence for blackmail or extortion. These crimes were confined to four races, the North Italian, South Italian, Irish, and German, the proportions being in the order given ; the North and South Italian races greatly exceeding the Irish and German in relative frequency of these crimes. Offenses of personal violence. — Over 25 per cent of the alien prisoners belonging to 13 of the races, and over 10 per cent of the alien prisoners of 20 of the races, were under sentence for offenses of personal violence. The Chinese, North Italian, South Italian, and Mexican races figure most prominently in the commission of such crimes. Of the 103 Chinese prisoners, 61, or 59.2 per cent were under sentence for offenses of personal violence, while 50.8 per cent of the North Italian, 46.5 per cent of the South Italian, and 43.2 per cent of the Mexican prisoners belong hi the same category. The largest proportion of prisoners confined for violent assault is shared by the Chinese and Mexicans, 4.9 per cent of the alien pris- oners of each of these races having been committed for this offense. Of prisoners confined for homicide the Chinese have the largest pro- portion— 38.8 per cent. This race ranks second in proportion of pris- oners for the crime of rape, being exceeded only by the Greek. No Chinese prisoners, however, were under sentence for abduction or These latter crimes are the ones for which 1.6 per cent of the North Italian prisoners were incarcerated, or a considerably larger pro- portion than that of any other race. The North Italians have also a Immigration and Crime. 31 relatively large proportion of prisoners under sentence for homicide and rape, the Chinese and Mexican being the only races having larger proportions of the former crime and the Greek and Chinese of the latter. Relatively large proportions of the South Italian prisoners were under sentence for the various offenses of personal violence, although the largest proportion of prisoners confined for none of these crimes belong to this race. It ranks second in abduction and kidnaping, third in simple assault, sixth in violent assault, fourth in homicide, and seventh in rape. In proportion of alien prisoners under sentence for simple assault, the Mexicans rank only sixteenth, but of those confined for violent assault they with the Chinese rank first, for homicide second, for rape fourth, and for abduction and kidnaping fourth. It is further notable that the Finnish race has the largest propor- tion of alien prisoners confined for simple assault, and the Greek of those confined for rape. Offenses against public policy. — More than two- thirds of all the alien prisoners of the Irish race were in confinement for offenses against public policy. As less than half the alien prisoners of every other race belonged in this category, this makes the Irish stand out prominently. Intoxication and vagrancy and truancy are the offenses for which large numbers of the Irish prisoners were com- mitted. Intoxication caused the imprisonment of 36.7 per cent of all Irish alien prisoners, and vagrancy and truancy of 19.1 per cent, one-half of all the Irish prisoners thus being confined for these offenses alone. In comparison with the proportion of alien prisoners of other races confined for like offenses these percentages are large. Of prisoners committed for intoxication the proportion next in rank is that of the French Canadian, or 24.5 per cent, while of those confined for vagrancy and truancy the proportion ranking next to that of the Irish is 12.5 per cent, being that of the Germans. In addition to intoxication and vagrancy and truancy, incorrigi- bility is the only offense against public policy singled out for special analysis. The Irish, which exceed all other races in relative fre- quency of intoxication and vagrancy and truancy, ranks only twelfth in proportion of alien prisoners confined for incorrigibility, but the French Canadian, whose proportion of prisoners under sentences for intoxication is exceeded only by that of the Irish, outranks all other races. Offenses against chastity. — The largest proportion of alien prisoners under sentence for offenses against chastity is that of the Hebrews, being 6.7 per cent. More than one- third of the Hebrew prisoners confined for such offenses were imprisoned for crimes of prostitution. These latter crimes were those for which 1.74 per cent of the total number of alien prisoners of the Hebrew race were under sentence — a larger proportion than that of any other race. It is notable that no prisoners of the Croatian race were under sentence for any offense against chastity and no prisoners of the African, Chinese, Lithu- anian, Magyar, Polish, Russian, Scandinavian, or Scotch races for any crime connected with prostitution. 32 The Immigration Commission. LENGTH OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES PRIOR TO COMMITMENT. From data showing the length of residence in the United States prior to commitment, it was learned that about one-fourth of the alien prisoners reporting such data had been in this country less than three years at the time they were committed to the penal institution in which they were found. Of the 12,853 alien prisoners enumerated, 12,425 reported years in the United States; 2,986 of these, or 24 per cent, had been incarcerated within three years after their arrival. Of those prisoners under sentence for gainful offenses who reported years in the United States, 25.7 per cent were committed before they had resided three years in this country; of those under sentence for offenses of personal violence, 24.9 per cent; of those confined for offenses against public policy, 20.5 per cent; and of those whose crimes consisted of offenses against chastity, 21.1 per cent. In the case of 1 1 races, over one-fourth of the alien prisoners under sentence for gainful offenses who reported years in the United States had been here less than three years at the time of commitment. These races and their proportions of such prisoners are as follows: Croatian 51. 8 Russian 43. 3 Magyar 39.0 Slovak 37 . 8 Polish 36.4 Greek 32.8 In the case of the following 7 races over one-fourth per cent of those prisoners confined for offenses of personal violence who reported years in the United States were committed within three years after their arrival. Russian 43 . 6 Magyar 37. 3 Greek 37.0 Italian, South 30.4 In the case of 10 races a like condition existed with regard to pris- oners guilty of offenses against public policy. These races are: Canadian, other than French 32. 0 French 31. 0 Italian, South 28. 7 Italian, North 27.4 Mexican.. 26.5 Canadian , other than French 28. 1 Polish 27.6 Slovak.. 26.4 Greek 59.4 Croatian 42. 4 Russian 38. 9 Magyar 37. 5 Slovak.. 36.0 Polish 35.2 Lithuanian 31. 5 Italian, South 29. 9 Scotch 26.9 African.. 26.1 Of prisoners whose crimes consisted of offenses against chastity, the proportion whose commitment occurred within three years after arrival in this country exceeds 25 per cent in the following 6 races : Italian, North 71.4 Russian 50.0 French.. 40.0 African 33. 3 Polish 30.8 Finnish.., 28.6 As is shown in the following table, which summarizes these facts, more than one-fourth of the Russian and Polish prisoners under sentence for each of the four classes of crime had been in the United States less than three years at the time of commitment. In addition to these two races, the Greek, South Italian, Magyar, and Slovak each had proportions exceeding 25 per cent in the groups of prisoners confined for offenses of gam, of personal violence, and against public policy. For five other races the proportion of prisoners committed Immigration and Crime. 33 within three years after arrival exceeds 25 per cent in two classes of crime. These races are the African, Canadian other than French, Croatian, French, and North Italian. For four other races — the Finnish, Lithuanian, Mexican, and Scotch — the proportion exceeds 25 per cent for one class of crime. TABLE 19. — Per centa of prisoners under sentence for each class of crime who were committed within three years after arrival in the United States, by race. [Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.] Race. Gainful offenses. Offenses of personal violence. Offenses against pub- lic policy. Offenses against chastity. African . ............. 14.3 14.3 26.1 33.3 Canadian French 23 6 14.9 10 6 15 0 Canadian Other . .... ....... 32.0 28.1 18.6 23.1 Chinese 5.4 11 1 Croatian .. 51.8 20.8 42.4 English 20 5 10 1 19 2 10 5 Finnish 22.0 21.1 15.4 28.6 French 31 0 14 8 12 9 40 0 German 18.6 19.2 18.9 12.8 Greek 32 8 37 0 59 4 20 0 Hebrew 22.5 20.9 19.5 18.2 Irish 12 9 10 7 5 4 15.2 Italian, North 27.4 21.7 24.4 71.4 Italian, South 28.7 30.4 29.9 24.1 21.6 20.0 31.5 Magyar 39 0 37 3 37.5 14.3 Mexican 26.5 21.4 20.5 23.1 Polish 36.4 27.6 35 2 30.8 43.3 43.6 38.9 50.0 Scandinavian . .......... 13.4 13.0 17.0 Scotch 16.8 16.7 26.9 22.2 Slovak 37.8 26 4 36.0 16.7 a Based on number reporting years in United States. There are thus only 7 races of the 22 shown whose alien prisoners committed for each class of crime within three years after arriTal in the United States compose less than one-fourth of the total number committed for the same class of crime who reported years hi this country. These 7 races are the French Canadian, Chinese, English, German, Hebrew, Irish, and Scandinavian. Selecting the crimes of abduction and kidnaping, violent assault, blackmail and extortion, burglary, homicide, robbery, and rape as probably the most serious offenses, it is found that 3,769 of the alien prisoners who reported years in the United States were under sentence for these offenses. Of these 876, or 23.2 per cent, had been in the United States less than three years at the tune of their commitment. In the table following is shown by race the percentage which the prisoners committed for such crimes within three years after arrival in the United States forms of the total number under sentence for like offenses who reported years. 34 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 20. — Ter cent a of alien prisoners under sentence for offenses of special gravity & whose commitments occurred within three years after arrival in the United States, by race. [Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.] African 10. 0 Canadian. French 18. 6 Canadian, Other 25.0 Chinese 3.3 Croatian 36. 6 English 15.7 Finnish 22. 6 French 25. 0 German 17. 2 Greek 27.7 Hebrew.. 16.7 Irish 9.6 Italian, North 21.7 Italian, South 29. 0 Lithuanian 17. 6 Magyar 34. 6 Mexican 22. 6 Polish 33.8 Russian 38 . 1 Scandinavian 9.0 Scotch 9.2 Slovak.. 24.7 Of the offenses enumerated above, burglary, homicide, and robbery caused the greatest number of commitments. In the following table the number and percentage of prisoners whose commitments occurred within three years after arrival is shown by race for each of these three crimes: TABLE 21. — Aliens in prison for burglary, homicide, and robbery who had been in the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by race. [Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.] Race. Number reporting years in the United States. Number in United States less than 3 years prior to com- mitment. Percentage in United States less than 3 years prior to com- mitment. Bur- glary. Homi- cide. Rob- bery. Bur- glary. Homi- cide. Rob- bery. Bur- glary. Homi- cide. Rob- bery. African 9 25 24 3 9 124 11 26 180 10 103 63 18 133 11 23 131 100 19 62 35 10 26 17 15 37 23 55 32 11 97 15 13 25 83 517 19 59 206 80 13 27 11 50 9 7 10 7 4 36 2 6 34 6 15 23 18 153 3 10 33 19 3 18 12 12 4 2 3 1 1 1 4 15.4 11.8 20.0 2.7 17.4 12.7 18.8 18.2 17.5 26.7 7.7 12.0 21.7 30.0 26.3 35.6 19.4 32.5 38.5 11.1 18.2 20.0 11.1 14.3 40.0 Canadian, French ....... 6 6 24.0 25.0 Canadian Other Chinese Croatian 6 25 2 10 29 4 19 5 3 35 1 7 35 33 9 5 3 2 4 7 6 2 17 4 1 3 18 155 5 21 40 26 5 3 2 10 3 4 2 1 7 1 1 3 6 45 66.7 20.2 18.2 38.5 16.1 40.0 18.4 7.9 16.7 26.3 9.1 30.4 26.7 33.0 47.4 8.1 8.6 20.0 75.0 11.1 100.0 16.7 20.6 16.7 6.7 13.0 33.3 29.4 English Finnish French German .... . . Greek Hebrew .... . . .. Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar 2 10 6 1 1 1 2 20.0 30.3 31.6 33.3 5.6 8.3 16.7 Mexican Polish Russian Scandinavian Scotch Slovak Total 1,198 1,524 463 267 365 107 22.3 24.0 23.1 a Based on number reporting years in United States. & Abduction and kidnaping, violent assault, blackmail and extortion, burglary, homicide, robbery, and rape. CHAPTER IV. CHARACTER OF IMMIGRANT AND OF NATIVE CRIMINALITY. Before taking up the analysis of crime in the various race and nationality groups appearing in the data collected, a survey of general nativity and parentage divisions will be of value. The present chapter deals with the immigrant and native groups considered with- out reference to parentage, race, or nationality. The statistics of alien prisoners secured by the Bureau of Immigra- tion and Naturalization can not be used in comparing immigrants and natives, as no persons of American birth appear in them. Nor have the data of the New York children's courts been made the basis of any such comparison. They concern a class of offenders so dif- ferent from that with which all other data deal that it has not been deemed advisable to attempt any analysis of them. The number of criminal cases upon which this comparison of the criminality of immigrants and natives is based, omitting those in which the fact of native or foreign birth was not reported, is shown below: Offenders. Native. Foreign. Total. New York City magistrates' courts 365 386 •402 772 768 158 New York court of general sessions 1,326 880 2,206 County and supreme courts, New York State ... 7 286 3 879 11 165 Chicago police department 195 934 104 997 300 931 Massachusetts penal institutions 15,219 13 101 28 ' 320 Total 585, 151 525, 629 1 110 780 These statistics may be made to show certain general differences in the criminality of immigrant and native offenders. They can not serve to throw into contrast the relative quantity of such criminality, because population figures are not available for the periods covered by them. In the analysis of the figures the chief endeavor has been to contrast the character of immigrant criminality with that of native, or American, criminality. A basis for such comparison is obtained by ascertaining what per- centage of the total criminality of each group of offenders is formed by each class of crime and by certain selected offenses that are capable of fairly clear definition. By then comparing the percentages of different classes of crime in the immigrant group with the corre- sponding percentages for the native, the likeness or unlikeness of the criminal activity of these two groups becomes apparent. Because of the widely different sources from which these statistics of crime have been obtained, it is not possible to use the figures in combination. Each set of data must therefore be separately analyzed, 35 36 The Immigration Commission. and although comparisons may be made of the facts shown by the figures derived from the different sources, these figures can not be totalled to form the basis of a combined analysis. Keeping each set of data distinct, the first step in the analysis consists in classifying the various crimes found in each. All clearly defined offenses have been grouped in the five classes enumerated in Chapter II. Four of these are sufficiently well defined to make their special analysis valuable. The fifth is a heterogeneous group of offenses whose character makes it apparently impossible properly to include them in any category indicating the quality of the criminality which they represent. In the analysis, therefore, no attempt has been made to deal with this fifth group of crimes, although it has been included in the totals upon which all percentages are based. The 1,110,780 cases forming the basis of this investigation of immigrant and native criminality, obtained from five distinct sources, have been classified according to the nature of the crimes and the nativity of the offenders as follows: TABLE 22. — Distribution of crimes: New York (city and State), Chicago, and Massachusetts. Offense. New York City magistrates' courts. New York court of general sessions. New York county and supreme courts. Chicago police department. Massachusetts penal institu- tions. Native. For- eign. Na- tive. For- eign. Na- tive. For- eign. Native. For- eign. Native. For- eign. Gainful offenses ........... 36,764 24,635 1,043 589 5,665 2,345 29,074 10,316 2,361 1,119 Blackmail and extortion . Burglary 102 7,221 413 27,009 2,019 14,292 185 4,180 272 18, 795 1,203 2 322 46 652 21 11 146 33 388 11 16 2,181 221 3.009 238 53 718 76 1,414 84 26 5,743 3,605 16,278 3,422 9,104 15 1,231 1,319 6,751 1,000 1 372 69 1,836 83 657 126 43 915 35 Forgery and fraud Larceny and receiving stolen property Robbery Offenses of personal violence. . Abduction and kidnap- ing 17, 141 170 183 855 873 7,720 783 145 8,864 3,063 1,738 482 310, 321 248 9,720 4,806 1,856 511 355, 905 8 [• 137 14 11 89~ 4 139 24 16 8~2~ 37 631 72 115 509 36 664 110 63 82 / 4,331 \ 2,276 1,815 600 54 3,817 2,188 1,293 368 Assault, simple ......... 602 29 19 7 616 125 37 5 Assault violent .... Rape Offenses against public policy. Disorderly 485 144, 528 81, 636 11, 493 10, 597 123,809 123,680 102, 742 110, 097 109, 129 62, 433 366 9,698 46 598 446 9,083 32 405 Gaming . ....... 34 31 127 49 13,831 2,040 12,000 7,528 10, 012 4,157 438 10,725 3,883 3,434 Vagrancy Violation of city ordi- nances 17,549 23, 976 21,407 2,066 15,680 87, 615 39, 771 All other 55 COt- I fe ^a «N « o I-H COCN 42 e Ji § 0 § Native. CM" o O ' i-! UOCNI "fs II i o £ S 532 CO 23323 • •^ CD C3 . ^00500 CO 05t-ooo»o 1 CS it 1 1 2s S^-f2{2 S °.2 d I SiSSi 05 CO 00 10^0 > 5 1 > g,ojog£ W 02 oioot^oeo _c 1 |1 1 S" » IN CO H p OOOOO 88888 g 1 CO »-H CO pa •< Source. New York City magistrates' courts New York court of general sessions New York county and supreme courts Chicago police department Massachusetts penal institutions New York Citv magistrates' courts New York court of general sessions N ew York county and supreme courts Chicago police department Massachusetts penal institutions 38 The Immigration Commission. The most Striking inference to be drawn from this table is that although the various classes of crime form widely different propor- tions of the total criminality in the different sets of data, the com- parative relation of immigrant and native offenders to them follows a fairly constant law. Thus, although in the figures for the New York City magistrates' courts, the police arrests of Chicago, and the commitments to Massa- chusetts prisons, the gainful offenses form very much smaller pro- portions of the total crimes than in those of the New York court of general sessions and the county and supreme courts of New York State, in all five sets of data these offenses comprise a larger percent- age of the total crimes of native-born offenders than of tne total crimes of foreign-born. In each instance the difference in the per- centages of the two groups of offenders is sufficiently marked to bring out very clearly the fact that the gainful offenses are much more common among the criminal acts of natives than they are among those of immigrants. In the figures of the New York City magistrates' courts these offenses form nearly one-tenth of all the crimes of native-born offenders, while they compose but little more than one-sixteenth of the total offenses of the foreign-born. Of convictions in the New York court of general sessions considerably more than three-fourths of those of native-born criminals are for the gainful offenses, while but little more than two-thirds of those of the foreign-born are for the same crimes. In the records of the county and supreme courts of New York over three-fourths of the crimes of natives consist of fainful offenses and only three-fifths of the crimes of immigrants, n the figures of arrests in Chicago and of the commitments to Massa- chusetts prisons the gainful offenses form almost one-seventh of all the crimes of native-born offenders and considerably less than one- tenth of those of the foreign-born. In each set of data the gainful offenses occupy a distinctly larger place in the criminality of natives than in that of immigrants. Offenses of personal violence, on the other hand, form a larger proportion of the total crimes of immigrant offenders. In each of the five sets of data the percentage of the foreign-born is hi excess of that of the native-born. In the figures of the New York City magistrates' courts, the Chicago police arrests, and the Massachusetts prisons this difference is not great. The figures from the other two sources of information, however, show considerable difference in the American and immigrant commission of offenses of personal violence. The greatest is that found in the records of the county and supreme courts of New York, in which these crimes form 22.5 per cent of all crimes of immigrants and 11.7 per cent of those of natives. Nearly as striking are the figures of the New York court of general sessions, which show 20.8 per cent of all crimes of foreign-born offenders to have been offenses of personal violence, while only 12.8 per cent of those of native-born offenders were of this nature. Offenses against public policy, as well as those of personal vio- lence, are shown by this table to be more prevalent among the crimes of immigrants than among those of natives. These offenses occupy a much larger place in the statistics of the New York City magistrates' courts, the arrests of the Chicago police, and the commit- ments to Massachusetts prisons than in those of the New York court Immigration and Crime. 39 of general sessions and the county and supreme courts of New York State. Of the cases of foreign-born offenders coming before the New York City magistrates' courts 88.4 per cent were for these crimes, while of the cases of native-born offenders 84.9 per cent were of this nature. The statistics of arrests in Chicago show 77.8 per cent of the offenses of the foreign-born and 73.8 per cent of those of the native-born to have been against public policy. Of all commitments of immigrants to Massachusetts prisons 80.9 per cent were for crimes of this sort, while 75.5 per cent of the commitments of natives were for like offenses. Less than 10 per cent of the convictions of natives and of immigrants in the New York court of general sessions were for offenses against public policy, 9.3 per cent of those of immigrants and 6.7 per cent of those of natives having been of such crimes. In the county and supreme courts of New York, although only 7 per cent of the convictions of native-born persons were of offenses against public policy, they were the offenses of which 12.5 per cent of the immigrant convictions were obtained. Each of the five sets of data thus shows that immigrant crimi- nality is more largely composed of offenses against public policy than is native criminality. The group of offenses against chastity does not occupy any such constant relation to the crimes of immigrants and natives as do the three preceding classes of crime. In two of the sets of data, those of convictions in the New York court of general sessions and of arrests by the Chicago police, offenses against chastity form larger percentages of the total criminality of natives than of immigrants. Their percentage of native crimes in the court of general sessions was 0.7 per cent; of the crimes of the foreign-born it was 0.6 per cent. In Chicago 5.1 per cent of the crimes of nonimmigrant offenders and 3.3 per cent of those of immigrant offenders were against chastity. The figures of the city magistrates' courts of New York show such crimes to have composed a larger proportion of the criminal acts of the foreign-born than of the native-born, forming 0.7 per cent of all crimes of immigrant offenders and 0.6 per cent of those of native offenders. In the statistics of the county and supreme courts of New York and of the penal institutions of Massachusetts offenses against chastity form the same proportions of the total criminality of immigrants and natives, these proportions being in the former set of data 1.9 per cent and in the latter 2.7 per cent. GAINFUL OFFENSES. By carrying this method of analysis further and observing the relations which the specific crimes composing each class of offenses bear to the total criminality of immigrants and natives, more exact comparisons may be made. 40 The Immigration Commission. The various gainful offenses are thus set forth in the following table: TABLE 24. — Gainful offenses compared with all offenses: New York (city and State), Chicago, and Massachusetts. NUMBER. Gainful offenses. All offenses. Black- mail and extor- tion. Bur- glary. Forgery and fraud. Larceny and re- ceiving stolen property. Robbery. Total New York City magistrates 'courts : Native 385, 386 102 7,221 413 2?, 009 2,019 36, 764 Foreign 402, 772 185 4,180 272 18, 795 1 203 24, 635 New York court of general ses- sions: Native 1,326 2 322 46 652 21 1,043 Foreign 880 11 146 33 388 11 589 New York county and supreme courts: Native 7,286 16 2,181 221 3,009 238 5,665 Foreign 3 879 53 718 76 1 414 84 2,345 Chicago police department: Native 195, 934 26 5,743 3 605 16 278 3,422 29,074 Foreign 104,997 15 1,231 1,319 6,751 1,000 10,316 Massachusetts penal institutions: Native 15,219 1 372 69 1,836 83 2,361 13,101 126 43 915 35 1,119 PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. New York City magistrates 'courts: Native 100.0 a 03 2.0 0.11 7.4 0.6 10.1 Foreign 100.0 .05 1.0 .07 4.7 .3 6.1 New York court of general ses- sions: Native 100.0 .15 24.3 3.5 49.2 1.6 78.7 Foreign 100.0 1.3 16.6 3.8 44.1 1.3 66.9 New York county and supreme courts: Native 100.0 .22 29.9 3 03 41.3 3.3 77.8 100.0 1.4 18.5 1.96 36.5 2.2 60.5 100 0 .013 2 9 1.8 8.3 1.7 14.8 Foreign 100.0 .014 1.2 1.3 6.4 1.0 9.8 Massachusetts penal institutions: Native 100.0 .01 2.4 .45 12.1 .5 15.5 100.0 .00 1.0 .33 7.0 .3 8.5 Although the gainful offenses as a group form a larger proportion of the crimes of natives than of immigrants in each set of data, the rule, as seen from the above table, does not universally hold good with regard to specific crimes belonging to this group. Blackmail and extortion in the records of the New York City magis- trates' courts, the New York court of general sessions, the county and supreme courts of New York State, and the police arrests of Chicago, form larger proportions of immigrant criminality than they do of native. The difference is especially noticeable in the figures of the New York court of general sessions and of the county and supreme courts of New York State. In the former blackmail and extortion form 1.2 per cent of the crimes of foreign-born and only 0.15 per cent of those of native-born offenders ; while in the latter these crimes are 1.4 per cent of the total criminality of the foreign-born and only 0.22 Immigration and Crime. 41 per cent of that of the native-born. The figures of the New York City magistrates' courts and of the Chicago police arrests show only slight differences in the relations of natives and immigrants to black- mail and extortion. Forgery and fraud, in the statistics of the New York court of general sessions, form a slightly larger percentage of the total crimes of immigrant than they do of the total crimes of native offenders, the former being 3.7 per cent and the latter 3.5 per cent. With these exceptions, the various gainful offenses are more com- mon among the crimes of natives than among those of immigrants. Burglary, larceny and receiving stolen property, and robbery form in each of the five sets of data larger percentages of the total crimi- nality of the native-born than of the foreign-born. Forgery and fraud, except in the records of the New York court of general sessions, are relatively more frequent among the crimes of natives than among those of immigrants. Blackmail and extortion alone belong pri- marily to immigrant criminality. OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE. The crimes composing the group of offenses of personal violence, and the proportions which they bear to the total criminality of immigrants and natives, are shown for each of the five sets of data in the following table : TABLE 25. — Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses: New York (city and State}, Chicago, and Massachusetts. NUMBER. > Offenses of personal violence. All offenses. Abduc- tion and kidnap- ing. Simple assault. Violent assault. Homi- cide. Rape. Total. rv »w York City magistrates' courts: Native 365,386 402,772 1,326 145 248 8 4 37 36 82 54 8,864 9,720 1 I! R I 4,331 3,817 602 616 3,063 4,806 57 59 51 4 2,276 2,188 29 125 1,738 1,856 14 24 72 110 1,815 1,293 19 37 482 511 11 16 115 63 600 368 7 5 14,292 17, 141 170 183 855 873 9,104 7,720 657 783 Foreign New York court of general ses- sions: Native Foreign 880 7,286 3,879 % 195, 934 104,997 15,219 13, 101 New York county and supreme courts: Native Foreign Chicago police department: Native Foreign Massachusetts penal institutions: Native Foreign 79340°— VOL 36—11- 42 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 25. — Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses: New York (city and State), Chicago, and Massachusetts — Continued. PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. Offenses of personal violence. All offenses. Abduc- tion and kidnap- ing. Simple assault. Violent assault. Homi- cide. Rape. Total. New York City magistrates' courts: Native 100 0 0 04 2 4 0 8 0 5 0 13 3 9 Foreign 100.0 .06 2.4 1.2 .5 .13 4.3 New York court of general ses- sions: Native 100 0 .6 10 3 1.1 .83 12.8 Foreign 100 0 5 15 8 2 7 1 82 20.8 New York county and supreme courts: Native 100.0 .5 8 .7 1.0 1.58 11.7 Foreign .... 100 0 .9 17 1 2.8 1.62 22.5 Chicago police department: Native. ... 100 0 .04 2.2 1.2 .9 .31 4.6 Foreign 100 0 05 3 6 2 1 1 2 35 7.4 Massachusetts penal institutions: Native.... 100 0 00 4 0 2 .1 05 4.3 100.0 .00 4.7 1.0 .3 .04 6.0 The instances in which the relation of immigrant and native offenders to specific crimes differs from their relation to the group of offenses of personal violence are very few. In only two cases is the percentage of the foreign-born less than that of the native- born. Abduction and kidnaping form 0.6 per cent of the total crimes of native-born offenders appearing in the records of the New York court of general sessions, while they compose only 0.5 per cent of the crimes of foreign-born offenders. Rape is the crime for which 0.05 per cent of the native-born offenders were committed to Massachusetts prisons, while only 0.04 per cent of the foreign-born were committed for that offense. In addition to these two cases in which offenses of personal violence form larger percentages of the criminality of natives than of that of immigrants, there are three others in which the per- centages of the two classes of offenders are the same. These three are all found in the statistics of the New York City magistrates' courts :— simple .assault composes 2 .4 per cent of all the crimes of immigrant offenders and the same percentage of all the crimes of native offend- ers; homicide forms 0.5 per cent of the total crime of each; and rape 0.13 per cent. The preceding table shows, however, that assault (both simple and violent) and homicide in no case form smaller percentages of immi- grant crime than of native, and that with the exception of simple assault and homicide in the New York City magistrates' courts they form larger proportions of immigrant than of native crime. Abduc- tion and kidnaping, except in the case of the New York court of general sessions, is relatively more frequent among the crimes of foreign-born than of native-born offenders, while rape, with the exception of its slightlv greater percentage of the crimes of natives in Massachusetts, and its equal percentage in the New York City magistrates' courts, occupies a more prominent place in the criminality of immigrants than in that of natives. Immigration and Crime. 43 OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY. Offenses against public policy are so diverse in nature in various sections of the country that this group of offenses is very dissimilar for the five sets of data. The crimes recorded in the records of the city magistrates' courts of New York and in the police records of Chicago have a greater comparability than those found in any of the other sets of data. A few offenses, however, and these the most important of the group, can be contrasted in various of the different collections of criminal statistics. The crimes lending them- selves to this comparison, and the proportions which they form of immigrant and nonimmigrant criminality are shown in Table 34. TABLE 26. — Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses: New York (city and State), Chicago, and Massachusetts. NUMBER. All of- fenses. Offenses against public policy. Disor- derly conduct. Drunk- enness. Gam- ing. Va- grancy. Violation of city or- dinances. All other. Total. New York City magis- trates' courts: Native 365,386 402,772 1 326 123,809 102,742 123,680 110,097 17,549 15,680 23,976 87,615 21,407 39,771 55 51 382 436 7,528 3,883 785 631 310,321 355,905 89 82 509 485 144,528 81,636 11,493 10,587 Foreign New York court of general sessions: Native 34 31 127 49 13,831 4,157 46 32 Foreign 880 7 286 New York county and su- preme courts: Native Foreign . . ..... 3 879 Chicago police department: Native 195,934 104,997 15,219 13, 101 109,129 62,433 366 446 2,040 438 598 405 12,000 10,725 Foreign Massachusetts penal insti- tutions: Native 9,698 9,083 Foreign . PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. New York City magis- trates' courts: Native 100.0 33.9 33.8 0.0 4.8 6 6 84 9 Foreign 100 0 25 5 27 3 .0 3 9 21 8 88 4 New York court of general sessions: Native 100 0 o o 2 6 o o 6 7 Foreign. . . . 100.0 .0 .0 3.5 .0 o 9 3 New York county and su- preme courts: Native 100 0 .0 o 1 7 o o 7 0 Foreign 100.0 .0 .0 1.3 .0 o 12 5 Chicago police department: Native 100.0 55.7 .0 7.1 1.0 6.1 73 8 Foreign . . 100.0 59.5 .0 4.0 .4 10 2 77 g Massachusetts penal insti- tutions: Native 100 0 2.4 63 7 3 3 9 o 75 5 Foreign 100 0 3 4 69 3 2 3 1 o 80 9 This table clearly brings out the fact that although the group of offenses against public policy forms in each of the five sets of data a larger part of the total criminality of immigrant than of native 44 The Immigration Commission. offenders, no such condition exists with regard to the various specific offenses forming the group. Figures regarding the five offenses selected for analysis are not to be had for each set of data, and an element of incompleteness thus enters into the comparison. The greatest value of the figures is, perhaps, the comparison of the cities of New York and Chicago which they render possible. Disorderly conduct, which in New York composes 33.9 per cent of all the offenses of the native-born and 25.5 per cent or the of- fenses of the foreign-born, forms in Chicago 55.7 per cent of the nonimmigrant criminality and 59.5 per cent of the immigrant. In Massachusetts this offense was the cause of 2.4 per ecnt of the com- mitments of the native-born and 3.4 per cent of those of the foreign- born. Drunkenness is not found in the Chicago records, being probably included under disorderly conduct. No comparison can therefore be made with New York, where drunkenness forms 33.8 per cent of the total offenses of the native-born and only 27.3 per cent of those of the foreign-born. In Massachusetts, however, drunkenness com- poses a larger proportion of the crimes of the foreign-born than of those of the native-born, being 69.3 per cent of the former and 63.7 per cent of the latter. Gaming, or gambling, appears as a distinct crime in the figures of the New York court of general sessions, the county and supreme courts of New York State, the police arrests of Chicago, and the commitments to Massachusetts prisons. In the latter three sets of data the percentages of this crime are larger among the native-born than among the foreign-born. In the records of the New York court of general sessions alone gambling forms a smaller proportion of the total crimes of native-born offenders. Vagrancy (with which truancy and incorrigibility have been included) appears in the statistics of the New York City magis- trates' courts, the police arrests of Chicago, and the Massachusetts commitments to penal institutions. In each of these the percentage of vagrancy cases is greater among the native-born than among the foreign-born. The violation of city ordinances is found only in the figures of the New York City magistrates' courts and of the arrests of the Chicago police. In the former such violations form 6.6 per cent of the crimes of native-born offenders and 21.8 per cent of those of foreign-born offenders. In the latter they compose 6.1 per cent of the total offenses of the native-born and 10.2 per cent of those of the foreign- born. They thus form approximately the same proportion of the total criminality of nonimmigrant offenders in the two cities, while they comprise more 'than twice as large a proportion of the total criminality of the foreign-born in New York as in Chicago. In both cities the above table shows them to be considerably more common among the offenses of immigrants than among those of natives. Immigration and Crime. 45 OFFENSES AGAINST CHASTITY. Of the various offenses against chastity, it is proposed to com- Eare immigrants and natives only with respect to those which have een designated " crimes of prostitution." These include all of- fenses connected in any way with prostitution, such as prostitution itself, the keeping of or residing in disorderly houses, acting as pro- curer, solicitor, or pimp, etc. The part which such crimes play in the total criminality of immigrants and natives is shown in the following table: TABLE 27. — Offenses against chastity compared with all offenses: New York (city and State), Chicago, and Massachusetts. NUMBER. All offenses. Offenses against chastity. Crimes of prosti- tution All other. Total. New York City magistrates' courts: Native 365,386 402,772 1,326 1,356 2,156 710 824 9 5 135 72 1,310 993 331 278 2,066 2,980 9 5 135 72 10,012 3,434 405 360 New York court of general sessions: Native Foreign 880 7,286 3,879 195,934 104,997 15,219 13, 101 New York county and supreme courts: Native..... Foreign Chicago police department: Native 8,702 2,441 74 82 Foreign Massachusetts penal institutions: Native Foreign ............. . PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. New York City magistrates' courts: Native 100 0 0 4 0 6 Foreign 100 0 5 New York court of general sessions: Native 100 0 o 7 Foreign 100 0 o g New York county and supreme courts: Native 100 0 o 1 9 Foreign 100 0 o 1 Q Chicago police department: Native 100 0 4 4 5 1 Foreign 100 0 2 3 3 3 Massachusetts penal institutions: Native 100 0 .5 2 7 100.0 .6 2 7 Although offenses against chastity form a larger proportion of the total crimes of immigrants than of those of natives in tne statistics of the New York City magistrates' courts alone, crimes of prostitution are more prevalent among the crimes of immigrants not only in these same statistics, but also in those of the commitments to Massachusetts 46 The Immigration Commission. penal institutions. In the New York figures the native percentage of crimes of prostitution is 0.4 per cent and the foreign is 0.5 per cent. In the Massachusetts figures the native percentage is 0.5 per cent and the foreign 0.6 per cent. The police arrests of Chicago, which show a larger proportion of offenses against chastity than any other set of data, also show a larger percentage of crimes of prostitution. These crimes in Chicago form 4.4 per cent of the total criminality of native- born offenders and only 2.3 per cent of that of foreign-born offenders. In the figures of the New York court of general sessions offenses against chastity are slightly more common among native than among immigrant crimes, and in the county and supreme courts of New York State the percentage of both classes of offenders is the same with regard to offenses against chastity. No separation of crimes of prostitution has been made in either of these two sets of data. CHAPTER V. THE COLOR FACTOR IN THE NATIVE GROUP. In the foregoing analysis all American-born offenders have been grouped together in each of the sets of data and this total compared with the group of immigrant offenders as a whole. Such a grouping of the native-born, however, is subject to the criticism that it does not produce a true comparative standard, in that whites and negroes are classed together. To separate the white from the negro in an analysis of this character produces a more accurate standard by which to measure the character of immigrant criminality. For it is the white American criminal with whom the immigrant offender properly should be compared. Of the five sets of data upon which this analysis of immigrant and native criminality is based, but two admit of such separation of white and negro offenders of native birth ; in the other three it is impossible to make any color distinction. The two sets of data in which this division of the native-born can be made are those of convictions in the New York court of general sessions and of arrests by the Chicago police. Making such a division for these, the number of cases falling in each group is as follows : New York court of general sessions — Convictions: Native-born — White 1,079 Negro 218 Indian 1 Race unknown 28 Total 1, 326 Foreign-born 880 Aggregate 2, 206 Chicago police arrests: Native-born — White 171,120 Negro 24,814 Total 195, 934 Foreign-born 104, 997 Aggregate 300, 931 It will be observed 'that in the statistics from the court of general sessions 1 Indian and 28 native-born persons of unknown race appear. In distinguishing between white and negro offenders, these 29 cases must be omitted, although they are retained in the totals of the native- born offenders employed in the preceding section. The result of this inclusion is that in the following tables the total native-born group is greater in numbers than the native white group plus the native negro group. 47 48 The Immigration Commission. Employing1 the classification of crimes used in the comparison of immigrant and native criminality already made, the 2,206 convictions of the New York court of general sessions and the 300,931 arrests of the Chicago police have been tabulated by crimes and divisions of general nativity and color, as follows : TABLE 28. — Distribution of crimes of white and negro native-born: New York court of general sessions and Chicago police arrests. Offense. New York court of general sessions. Chicago police arrests. Native. Foreign. Native. Foreign. White. Negro. Total. White. Negro. Total. Gainful offenses . 868 152 1,043 589 25,244 3,830 29,074 10,316 Blackmail and extortion Burglary 1 259 42 550 16 114 2 322 46 652 21 170 11 146 33 388 11 183 54 3 90 5 53 5,038 3,399 13, 735 3,047 7,509 705 206 2,543 " 375 1,595 5,743 3,605 16,278 3,422 9,104 1,231 1,319 6,751 1,000 7,720 Forgery and fraud Larceny and receiving stolen property Robbery Offenses of personal violence Abduction and kidnaping . . . 7 8 137 14 11 89 4 139 24 16 82 76 / 3,881 I 1>721 1,315 516 127, 313 6 450 555 500 84 17,215 82 4,331 2,276 1,815 600 144,528 54 3,817 2,188 1,293 368 81,636 Assault, simple .... |. 90 8 9 75 46 6 1 12 Assault violent Homicide Rape Offenses against public policy — Disorderly conduct... 96,614 11,598 1,857 10, 974 12,515 2,233 183 1,026 109,129 13, 831 2,040 12,000 62, 433 4,157 438 10, 725 Gaming 31 3 34 31 Vagrancy, Violation of city ordinances All other 44 7 9 2 55 9 51 5 Offenses against chastity 8,134 1,878 10,012 3,434 Crimes of prostitution 7,077 1,057 1,625 253 8,702 1,310 3,216 2,441 993 1,891 All other Unclassified offenses 15 15 21 Total 1,079 219 1,326 880 171,120 24,814 195,934 104,997 Applying to these figures the method of analysis followed in the preceding section, the difference between white and negro criminality may be shown. Immigration and Crime. 49 CLASSES OF CRIMES. The four classes of crime to which analysis is confined form the fol- lowing percentages of the total offenses of each nativity and color group of offenders: TABLE 29. — Classes of crimes of white and negro native-lorn: New York court of general sessions and Chicago police arrests. NUMBER. Total. Gainful offenses. Offenses of personal violence. Offenses against public policy. Offenses against chastity. Unclassi- fied offenses. New York court of general sessions: Native- White 1,079 868 114 75 7 15 Negro 219 152 53 12 2 Total ... . 1 326 1 043 170 89 9 15 880 589 183 82 5 21 Chicago police arrests: Native- White 171,120 25,244 7 509 127 313 8 134 2 920 24 814 3 830 1 595 17 215 1 878 Total 195 934 29 074 9 104 144 528 10 012 3 216 Foreign 104 997 10 316 7 720 81 636 3 434 I CQ1 PER CENT OF TOTAL NUMBER. New York court of general sessions: Native- White 100 0 80 4 10 5 6 9 0 6 100.0 69.4 24 2 5 5 9 Total 100 0 78 7 12 8 ft 7 7 Foreign 100 0 66 9 20 8 9 3 Chicago police arrests: Native- White 100 0 14 8 4 4 74 4 4 8 100 0 15 4 6 4 fiQ 4 7 fi Total 100 0 14 8 4 6 73 8 C 1 Foreign 100 0 9 8 7 4 77 8 3 3 This table brings out some striking differences in the character of native white and negro criminality. In the figures for the court of general sessions the gainful offenses form a larger proportion of the total crimes of the native whites than of the total crimes of the native-born negroes, their percentage of the former being 80.4 and of the latter only 69.4. As they constitute only 66.9 per cent of all offenses of the foreign-born and 78.7 per cent of those of the combined native-born group, the relative frequency of these crimes is less among foreign-born offenders than among the native-born either con- sidered as a homogeneous group or separated into its white and negro elements. In the Chicago figures the native-white percentage of the gainful offenses is the same as that of the undivided native-born group, 14.8 per cent, although it is less than that of the native-born negroes, 15.4 per cent. Here, as in the case of the data of the court of general sessions, the proportion of the gainful offenses of the total crimes of the foreign-born, which is only 9.8 per cent, is less than 50 The Immigration Commission. that of either of the color divisions of the native-born group, and consequently less than that of the combination of these two groups. Offenses of personal violence form, in the statistics furnished by both of the sources here employed, smaller percentages of the crim- inality of the native whites than of that of the native-born negroes. In the cases recorded by the court of general sessions they constitute 10.5 per cent of native white crimes and 24.2 per cent, or more than twice as large a proportion, of the crimes of American negroes, while of the arrests made by the Chicago police, 4.4 per cent of those of white Americans were for these crimes and 6.4 per cent of those of native-born negroes. Both the court of general sessions and the Chicago police figures show the percentage of the combined native- born group to be slightly larger than the native white percentage, although smaller than that of the native negroes. The data from the court of general sessions show a larger percentage of offenses of per- sonal violence among the crimes of the foreign-born than among those of the native whites or of the native whites and negroes combined, but a smaller percentage than that of the native negroes considered sepa- rately. In the Chicago figures, however, the foreign-born percentage not only exceeds that of the native whites and the combined native- born group but even that of the native negroes. The group of offenses against public policy forms, in each of the sets of data under consideration, a larger proportion of the crimes of the white Americans than of those of the native whites and negroes combined or of the latter taken alone. This similarity in the figures from these two distinct sources is the more striking because of the wide difference in the part which such offenses plav in their totals. Of the crimes of all native-born offenders appearing in the records of the court of general sessions, 6.7 per cent are of this nature, while of the white division of the native-born they form 6.9 per cent and of the negro 5.5 per cent of all crimes. Of the arrests of all native-born offenders in Chicago, 73.8 per cent were for offenses against public policy and of those of native whites 74.4 per cent, while but 69.4 per cent of the arrests of American negroes were made upon such charges. In both series of figures the percentage which these offenses form of the crimes of immigrant offenders exceeds that which they form of the crimes of the native-born considered either without regard to color or computed for the distinct divisions of white and negro offenders. The percentage which offenses against chastity form of the total crimes of native white offenders is less, in each of the two sets of data, than that which they form of the crimes of the total native group. The figures of convictions in the court of general sessions show that such offenses comprise 0.6 per cent of the crimes of the native whites as compared with 0.9 per cent of those of the native negroes and 0.7 per cent of the total offenses of all native-born offenders, while the figures of the Chicago arrests give the proportion which offenses against chastity form of the crimes of white Americans as 4.8 per cent, that which they form of the crimes of American negroes as 7.6 per cent, and of the crimes of all native-born offenders as 5.1 per cent. With regard to the Chicago figures, the percentage of the foreign-born, 3.3 per cent, is not only less than that of the total native-born, which is 5.1 per cent, but even less than the percentages of the native white and negro groups considered separately, the for- mer being 4.8 per cent and the latter 7.6 per cent. Immigration and Crime. 51 GAINFUL OFFENSES. A brief survey of the relations of white and negro native-born offenders to various specific crimes may also be made. Inasmuch as for purposes of comparison of the immigrant group with the native white, it will be sufficient to point out those instances in which the percentage of the latter differs markedly from that of the combined white and negro native group, which forms the basis of comparison in the preceding section, no detailed exposition of the figures need be made. TABLE 30. — Gainful offenses compared with all offenses of ivhite and negro native-born: New York court of general sessions and Chicago police arrests. NUMBER. Gainful offenses. All Larceny offenses. Burglary. Extor- tion. Forgery and fraud. and re- ceiving stolen. Robbery. Total. property. New York court of general ses- sions: Native- White 1,079 259 1 42 550 16 863 219 54 3 90 5 152 Total 1 326 322 2 46 652 21 1 043 Foreign 880 146 11 33 388 11 589 Chicago police arrests: Native- White 171 120 5 038 25 3 399 13 735 3 047 25 244 Negro ........... 24, 814 705 1 206 2 543 375 3 830 Total 195, 934 5,743 26 3,605 16 278 3 422 29 074 Foreign 104, 997 1,231 15 1,319 6,751 1,000 10,316 PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. New York court of general ses- sions: Native- White 100 0 24 0 0 09 3 8 51 0 1 5 80 4 Negro 100.0 24.7 .00 1.4 41 1 2 3 70 0 Total 100 0 24 3 15 3 5 49 2 1 6 78 7 Foreign 100 0 16 6 1 3 3 8 44 1 1 3 66 9 Chicago police arrests: Native- White 100.0 2.9 .013 2 0 8 0 1 8 14 8 Negro . 100 0 2 8 0004 3 10 2 1 5 15 4 Total 100 0 2 9 013 1 8 S 3 1 7 14 8 100.0 1.2 .014 1 3 6 4 1 0 9 8 Of the offenses classified as gainful, shown in the above table, four comprise larger percentages of native white crimes than of the crimes or the total native-born group. Two of these — forgery and fraud, and larceny and receiving stolen property — are found in the court of general sessions data. The former compose 3.5 per cent of the crimes of native white and negro offenders combined and 3.8 per cent of those of the native whites alone. The latter form 49.2 per cent of the crimes of the combined native-born group and 51 52 The Immigration Commission. per cent of those of the native whites considered as a separate group. Of the gainful offenses for which arrests were made in Chicago, forgery and fraud and robbery are the ones which occupy larger places in native white criminality than in the criminality of the total native- born group. The combined white and negro percentage of forgery and fraud is 1.8 per cent and the native white alone is 2 per cent. Arrests for robbery form 1.7 per cent of the arrests of all native-born persons and 1.8 per cent of those of native-born whites. OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE. The distribution of the several offenses of personal violence is shown in the f ollowmg table : TABLE 31. — Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses of white and negro native-born: New York court of general sessions and Chicago police arrests. NUMBER. All offenses. Offenses of personal violence. Abduc- tion and kidnap- ing. Simple assault. Violent assault. Homi- cide. Rape. Total. New York court of general ses- sions: Native- White 1,079 219 7 £ 4 0 6 8 6 9 1 114 53 Negro Total 1,326 880 8 4 137 139 14 24 11 16 170 183 Foreign . ..... Chicago police arrests: Native — White 171,120 24,814 76 6 3,881 450 1,721 555 1,315 500 516 84 7,509 1,595 Negro . ...... . . . Total 195,934 104,997 82 54 4,331 3,817 2,276 2,188 1,815 1,293 600 368 9,104 7,720 Foreign PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. New York court of general ses- sions: Native- White 100 0 0 6 j , 0 7 0 8 10 6 Negro 100.0 .0 2] .0 2.7 .5 24 2 Total 100.0 .6 1C .3 1.1 .8 12.8 Foreign 100.0 .5 If .8 2.7 1.8 20 8 Chicago police arrests: Native- White 100 0 04 2 3 1 0 .8 30 4 4 Negro 100.0 .02 1.8 2.2 2.0 .34 6 4 Total 100 0 04 2 2 1 2 9 31 4 6 Foreign 100.0 .05 3.6 2.1 1.2 .35 7.4 With regard to the various offenses of personal violence, it is notable that but one instance appears in which such an offense forms a larger proportion of the criminality of native white offenders than of that of the combined white and negro group of the native- born. This is simple assault in the figures showing arrests by the Chicago police. This crime forms 2.2 per cent of all crimes of all native-born persons and 2.3 per cent of those of the white persons Immigration and Crime. 53 of native birth. As 3.6 per cent of the arrests of foreign-born per- sons were for simple assault, the native white percentage, as well as the percentage or the total native group, is less than that of the immigrant group. In four instances in which the immigrant percentage exceeds that of the total native-born group it is less than the native negro percentage considered alone. The court of general sessions figures show that the crime of assault constitutes 15.8 per cent of the total criminality of the foreign-born and only 10.3 per cent of that of the aggregate native-born. Of the crimes of the native-born negroes however, it forms 21 per cent. Homicide in the figures from the same source caused 2.7 per cent of the convictions of immigrant offenders and only 1.1 per cent of those of all native-born offenders. Of the convictions of native- born negroes 2.7 per cent were for this crime. Of the arrests of foreign-born persons in Chicago 2.1 per cent were for violent assault, while only 1 .2 per cent of those of all native- born persons were for this crime. The percentage, however, of the native negro group exceeds that of the foreign-born, being 2.2 per cent. Homicide is, in Chicago, a relatively less frequent cause of arrests of immigrants than of natives, as it is of convictions in the New York court of general sessions. It is the charge upon which 1.2 per cent of all immigrant offenders were arrested in Chicago, and 0.9 per cent of all native-born offenders. Yet in the Chicago police records, as in those of the New York court of general sessions, the native negro percentage of homicide is greater than the foreign-born, the Chicago figures showing it to be 2 per cent as compared with the immigrant percentage of 1.2. OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY. Offenses against public policy are found in the groups of offenders considered in this chapter as shown in the following table: TABLE 32. — Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses of white and negro native-born: New York court of general sessions and Chicago police arrests. NUMBER. All offenses. Offenses against public policy. Disor- derly conduct. Gaming. Vagran- cy. Viola- tion of city ordi- nances. Total. New York court of general sessions: Native- White 1,079 219 31 3 75 12 Total 1,326 880 34 31 89 82 Foreign Chicago police arrests: Native- White 171, 120 24,814 96, 614 12,515 11,598 2,233 1,857 183 10,974 1,026 127,313 17,215 Negro Total , 195, 934 104, 997 109, 129 62,433 13,831 4,157 2,040 438 12,000 10,725 144,528 81,636 Foreign The Immigration Commission. TABLE 32. — Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses of white and negro native-born: New York court of general sessions and Chicago police arrests — Contd. PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. All offenses. Offenses against public policy. Disor- derly conduct. Gaming. Vagran- cy. Viola- tion of city ordi- nances. Total. New York court of general sessions: Native- White 100.0 2.9 1.4 6.9 5.5 Negro 100.0 Total 100.0 100.0 2.6 3.5 6.7 9.3 Foreign Chicago police arrests: Native- White 100.0 100.0 56.5 50.4 6.8 9.0 1.1 .7 6.4 4.1 74.4 69.4 Negro Total 100.0 100.0 55.7 59.5 7.1 4.0 1.0 .4 6.1 10.2 73.8 77.8 Foreign In four of the five series of figures here shown, the native white percentage is greater than the percentage of the combined group of white and negro native offenders. Gaming, the only offense appearing in the data from the New York court of general sessions, forms 2.6 per cent of the crimes of all native- born offenders and 2.9 per cent of those of the white division of this group. . Disorderly conduct, vagrancy, and the violation of city ordinances are shown by the Chicago figures to be relatively more frequent causes of arrest of native white persons than of native whites and negroes combined. Disorderly conduct was the charge upon which 55.7 per cent of the arrests of all native-born persons were made and 56.5 per cent of those of native whites alone. Vagrancy caused 1 per cent of the arrests of all native-born persons and 1.1 per cent of those of the white portion of that group of offen- ders. Violation of city ordinances furnished 6.1 per cent of all offenses of the aggregate native group and 6.4 per cent of the crimes of the native whites considered as a distinct group. In none of these cases, however, is the native white percentage less than the immigrant where the total native percentage is greater than the latter, nor greater where the percentage of the aggregate native group is less. And in no case where the total native percent- age is less than the foreign does the native negro exceed the latter. OFFENSES AGAINST CHASTITY. The only crimes singled out of the group of offenses against chastity are those of prostitution. These appear in sufficient numbers for satisfactory analysis only in the data from the Chicago police depart- ment. Immigration and Crime. 55 TABLE 33. — Offenses against chastity compared with all offenses of white and negro native-lorn: Chicago police arrests. NUMBER. All offenses. Offenses against chastity. Crimes of pros- titution. All other. Total. Chicago police arrests: Native- White 171,120 24,814 7,077 1,625 1,057 253 8,134 1,878 Negro Total 195,934 104, 997 8,702 2,441 1,310 993 10,012 3,434 PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. Chicago police arrests: Native- White 100 0 4.1 4.8 Negro . . 100.0 6.5 7.6 Total .. '. 100.0 4.4 5.1 100.0 2.3 3.3 This table shows that crimes of prostitution occur with slightly less relative frequency among the offenses of the native white than among those of the total group of the native-born. They constitute 4.1 per cent of the former and 4.4 per cent of the latter. Their percent- age of native negro crimes, 6. 5, is considerably in excess of that of the combined white and negro group. As the immigrant percentage is 2.3, it is exceeded not only by that of the aggregate native group, but also by the percentages of the separate native white and negro groups. This analysis shows that while the elimination of the negro from the native group affects slightly some features of the criminality of the American-born, it does not materially change the relations of the aggregate native and immigrant groups. CHAPTER VI. THE PARENTAGE FACTOR IN THE NATIVE GROUP. Into the group of native-born offenders there may enter immigrant ethnic factors, modifying the character of its criminality. Many of the native-born are doubtless of foreign parentage, and the crimi- nality of this group is thus affected by immigration and falls some- what short of a true comparative standard by which to measure the nature of immigrant crime. If these American-born persons of for- eign parentage can be separated from those of native parentage, comparison can be made of the criminality of immigrants, native- born children of immigrants, and native-born persons of nonimmi- grant parentage. Of the 2,206 convictions recorded in the New York court of general sessions and the 28,320 commitments to Massachu- setts penal institutions such a separation is possible. In the following table the crimes of the nativity and parentage groups of offenders are shown, classified as in preceding sections of this report. TABLE 34. — Distribution of crimes, by nativity and parentage of offender: New York court of general sessions and Massachusetts penal institutions. Offense. New York court of general sessions. Massachusetts penal institutions. Native- born of native father. Native- born of foreign father. Total native- born. Foreign- born. Native- born of native father. Native- born of foreign father. Total native- born.o Foreign- born. Gainful offenses 483 560 1,043 589 1,090 1,216 2,361 1,119 Blackmail and extortion Burglary 1 140 25 302 15 92 1 182 21 350 6 78 2 322 40 G52 21 170 11 146 33 388 11 183 1 171 43 839 36 278 1 372 69 1,836 83 657 ""i26 43 915 35 783 188 25 959 44 378 Forgery and fraud Larceny and receiving stolen property Robbery Offenses of personal violence Abduction and kidnaping... Assault, simple 3 } 77 8 4 48 5 60 6 7 41 8 137 14 11 89 4 139 24 16 82 / 249 1 1? 6 3,598 352 17 8 1 7,835 602 29 19 7 11, 493 616 125 37 5 10,597 Assault violent Homicide Rape Offenses against public policy Disorderly conduct 131 2,828 23 231 385 203 232 6,833 23 357 390 198 366 9,698 46 598 785 405 446 9,083 32 405 631 360 Drunkenness Gaming 17 17 34 31 All other Offenses against chastity 5 4 9 5 Crimes of prostitution 41 162 119 5,288' 33 165 183 9,810 74 331 303 15,219 82 278 242 13, 101 All other Unclassified offenses 4 632 11 694~ 15 1,326 21 880~ Total a Includes 121 native-born persons not reporting parentage. 79340°— VOL 36—11 5 57 58 The Immigration Commission. By paralleling the comparison made of immigrant and native criminality in Chapter IV, the effect of the children of immigrants upon the native group may be determined for these two sets of data. CLASSES OF CRIME. The four classes of crime employed in the analysis form the follow- ing proportions of the criminality of the native-born of native father, the native-born of foreign father, the aggregate native-born, and the foreign-born: TABLE 35. — Classes of crimes, by nativity and parentage of offender: New York court of general sessions and Massachusetts penal institutions. NUMBER. Total. Gainful offenses. Offenses of personal violence. Offenses against public policy. Offenses against chastity. Unclas- sified offenses. New York court of general sessions: Native-born of native father 632 483 92 48 5 4 Native-born of foreign father 694 560 78 41 4 11 Total native-born 1,326 1,043 170 89 9 15 Total foreign-born 880 589 183 82 5 21 Massachusetts penal institutions: Native-born of native father 5,288 1,090 278 3,598 203 119 Native-born of foreign father 9,810 1,216 378 7,835 198 183 Total native-born 15 219 2,361 657 11,493 405 303 Total foreign-born 13,101 1,119 783 10, 597 360 242 PER CENT OF TOTAL NUMBER. New York court of general sessions: Native-born of native father 100.0 76.4 14.6 7.6 0.8 Native-born of foreign father 100.0 80.7 11.2 5.9 .6 Total native-born 100.0 78.7 12.8 6.7 .7 Total foreign-born .... 100 0 66.9 20.8 9.3 .6 Massachusetts penal institutions: Native-born of native father 100 0 20.6 5.3 68.0 3.8 Native-born of foreign father 100.0 12.4 3.9 79.9 2.0 Total native-born 100 0 15 5 4 3 75 5 2 7 Total foreign-born 100.0 8.5 6.0 80.9 2.7 From this table it is evident that the criminality of the American- born children of immigrants is indeed different in character from that of the native-born of native father and from that of the foreign-born. Yet this difference does not appear to follow a constant law in the two sets of data shown above. The gainful offenses are shown by the records of convictions in the New York court of general sessions to form a larger proportion of the crimes of the second generation than of those of the native-born of native father, of the former comprising 80.7 per cent and of the latter 76.4 per cent. The percentage of the latter group is therefore less than that of the combined native group, which is 78.7. As the percentage of the foreign-born is only 66.9, it is less than either that of the native-born of native father or that of the native-born of foreign father. Immigration and Crime. 59 The records of the commitments to Massachusetts penal institu- tions show the gainful offenses to form a smaller percentage of the crimes of the native-born of foreign father than of those of the native- born of native father. Of the former they comprise 12.4 per cent and of the latter 20.6 per cent. Their percentage of the latter is therefore larger than of the crimes of the aggregate native group, which is 15.5, while their percentage of the crimes of the native-born of foreign father is smaller. Their percentage of the crimes of the foreign-born, however, being 8.5, is least of all. The offenses of personal violence form, in both sets of data pre- sented, a smaller proportion of the crimes of the American -born of foreign father than of those of any of the other groups. The data from the New York court of general sessions give the percentage relation between these offenses and the total crimes of the native- born of foreign father as 112, of those of the native-born of native father as 14.6; while the data from the penal institutions of Massa- chusetts give their percentage of the former as 3.9 and of the latter as 5.3. The percentage of the aggregate native group is therefore in each case greater than that of the native-born of foreign father and less than that of the native-born of native father, being in the court of general sessions data 12.8 and in the figures from the Massachu- setts penal institutions 4.3. As the percentage of the foreign-born is in the court of general sessions figures 20.8 and in Massachusetts figures 6, it is in the former case greater than that of the combined native-born group and of each of the two parentage divisions thereof, while in the latter it is greater than the percentages of the aggregate native-born and of the native-born of foreign father, but slightly less than the percentage of the native-born of native father. The percentage which offenses against public policy form of the crimes of the native group of foreign parentage is, in the figures from the court of general sessions less, being 5.9, than that which they form of the total offenses of the group of native-born persons of native parent- age, which is 7.6. The Massachusetts figures, however, show a reversal in the relation of these two groups of offenders, the percentage of the native-born of foreign father being 79.9, and of the native-born of native father 68. This makes the aggregate native percentage in the court of general sessions records, where it is 6.7, greater than that of the foreign-parentage division of the native group and less than that of the native-parentage division. In the Massachusetts figures the relation of the aggregate native group, whose percentage is 75.5, to its two component divisions is reversed. In each of these two sets of data the percentage of the foreign-born is greater than that of the total native group and also greater than the percentage of each of the parentage divisions of the native group, being in the former case 9.3 and in the latter 80.9. Offenses against chastity are similarly related to the total crimi- nality of the native-born of native and foreign father in the two sets of data. The figures from the court of general sessions give the percent- age of the native-born of foreign father as 0.6, while that of the native- born of native father is 0.8. The former percentage is thus less than that of the aggregate native group (which is 0.7) while the latter is greater. Of the crimes of the foreign-born, offenses against chastity form 0.6 per cent, or the same percentage that they form of the crimes of the native-born of foreign father. The percentage of the native-born of 60 The Immigration Commission. native father and the combined native group are both in excess of this. The records of the Massachusetts penal institutions also show ©ffenses against chastity to occur with less relative frequency among the crimes of the native-born of foreign father, of which they form 2 per cent, than among those of either the native-born of native father, ©f which they form 3.8 per cent, or those of the combined group of native-born, of which they compose 2.7 per cent. The foreign per- centage, 2.7, is the same as that of the total native-born, greater than that of the native-born of foreign father, and less than that of the native-born of native father. GAINFUL OFFENSES. Having considered the four principal crime groups, those specific offenses belonging to them which have been singled out for analysis in preceding chapters may now well be examined. All crimes composing the group of gainful offenses are shown in the following table: TABLE 36. — Gainful offenses compared with all offenses, by nativity and parentage of offender: New York court of general sessions and Massachusetts penal institutions. NUMBER. Gainful offenses. All offenses. Black- mail and extor- Bur- glary. Forgery and fraud. Larceny and re- ceiving stolen Robbery. Total. property. New York court of general ses- sions: Native-born of native father. . 632 1 140 25 302 15 483 Native-born of foreign father . . 694 1 182 21 350 6 560 Total native-born 1,326 2 322 46 652 21 1,043 Total foreign-born 880 11 146 33 388 11 589 Massachusetts penal institutions: Native-born of native father. . 5,288 1 171 43 839 36 1,090 Native-born of foreign father.. 9,810 188 25 959 44 1,216 Total native-born 15 219 1 372 69 1,836 83 2 361 Total foreign-born 13, 101 126 43 915 35 1,119 PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. New York court of general ses- Native-born of native father . . 100.0 0.2 22.2 4.0 47.8 2.4 76.4 Native-born of foreign father. . 100.0 .1 26.2 3.0 50.4 .9 80.7 Total native-born 100.0 .2 24.3 3.5 49.2 1.6 78.7 Total foreign-born 100 0 1.3 16.6 3.8 44.1 1.3 66.9 Massachusetts penal institutions: Native-born of native father . . 100.0 (0) . 3.2 .8 15.9 .7 20.6 Native-born of foreign father.. 100.0 .0 1.9 .3 9.8 .4 12.4 Total native-born 100.0 (0) 2.4 .5 12.1 .5 15.5 Total foreign-born 100.0 .0 1.0 .3 7.0 .3 8.5 • Less than 0.05 per cent. Immigration and Crime. 61 Of these, blackmail and extortion do not occur among the offenses of the native-born persons of foreign parentage nor among those of foreign-born persons appearing in the data of commitments to Mas- sachusetts prisons. Or convictions in the Xew York court of general sessions, 0.2 per cent of those of the native-born of native father were for these crimes and only 0.1 per cent of those of the native- born of foreign father. The foreign-born have a larger percentage, 1..'*, than either of these parentage groups of the native-born, and thus a larger percentage than the aggregate native group. Of the crimes of the native-born of foreign father appearing in the records of the court of general sessions burglary forms 26.2 per cent, while of those of the native-born of native father it forms only 22.2 per cent, and of the total native group 24.3 per cent. All three of these percentages are larger than that of the foreign-born, which is only 16.6. The records of commitments to Massachusetts penal institu- tions show burglary to form a larger part of the crimes of the native- born of native father, 3.2 per cent, than of those of the native-born of foreign father, 1.9 per cent. The aggregate native percentage, which is 2.4, is less than the former and greater than the latter, while the percentage of the foreign-born, 1, is least of all. Forgery and fraud belong, in both sets of data, rather to the crimes of the native-born of native father than to those of any otJier group of offenders. The figures derived from the court of general sessions show that convictions for these offenses compose 4 per cent of the total convictions of this group, while they form but 3 per cent of those of the native-born of foreign father and 3.5 per cent of those of the combined native group. They comprise a larger percentage of the total convictions of the foreign-born, 3.8, than of those of either the combined native group or the native-born of foreign father. This foreign percentage, however, is exceeded by that of the native- born of native father. In the figures showing commitments to Massa- chusetts prisons 0.8 per cent of the total commitments of the native- born of native father wrere for forgery and fraud, while only 0.3 per cent of those of the native-born of foreign father were for these crimes, and 0.5 per cent of those of the aggregate native-born. Such commitments form 0.3 per cent of the total number of those of foreign-born persons, or a smaller percentage than they form of the total commitments of the native-born of native father or of the aggregate native-born, although it is slightly larger than that which they form of the total commitments of the native-born of foreign father. The effect of the foreign-parentage group upon the aggregate native percentage of larceny and receiving stolen property is to make it greater than that of the native-born of native father in the data from the court of general sessions and less in those from the Massachusetts prisons. The data from both sources show that larceny and the receiving of stolen property form a smaller proportion of the crimes of the foreign-born than of those of the aggregate native group or of either of its parentage divisions. Robbery occurs with considerably greater relative frequency among the crimes of the native-born of native father than among those of the native-born of foreign father. In the figures showing convic- tions in the court of general sessions it forms 2.4 per cent of the former and only 0.9 per cent of the latter, while in the figures of 62 The Immigration Commission. commitments to Massachusetts prisons these percentages are, re- spectively, 0.7 and 0.4. In the case of the court of general sessions, robbery forms 1.3 per cent of the crimes of the foreign-born, or a smaller percentage than of those of the aggregate native group or of the native parentage division of that group and a larger percentage than of the crimes of the native-born of foreign father. In the case of commitments to Massachusetts prisons the foreign percentage of robbery, which is only 0.3, is not only less than that of the aggregate native group, but less than the percentage of either of the parentage divisions of the native-born. OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE. All offenses designated as "of personal violence/' are shown in the following table : TABLE 37. — Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses, by nativity and parentage of offender: New York court of general sessions and Massachusetts penal institutions. NUMBER. All offenses. Offenses of personal violence. Abduc- tion and kidnap- ing. Simple assault. Violent assault. Homi- cide. Rape. Total. New York court of general sessions: Native-born of native father. . Native-born of foreign father. . Total native-born 632 694 3 5 77 60 8 6 4 7 92 78 1,326 880 8 4 137 139 14 24 11 16 170 183 Total foreign-born .... Massachusetts penal institutioas: Native-born of native father 5,288 249 352 12 17 11 8 6 1 278 378 Native-born of foreign father.. Total native-born 9,810 15,219 13,101 602 616 29 125 19 37 7 5 657 783 Total foreign-born PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. New York court of genera 1 sessions : Native-born of native father. . . Native-born of foreign father. . 100.0 100.0 0.5 .7 12 8 2 6 1.3 .9 0.6 1.0 14.6 11.2 Total native-born 100.0 .6 10 3 1.1 .8 12.8 Total foreign-born 100 0 .5 15 8 2.7 1.8 20 8 Massachusetts penal institutions: Nati vc-born of native falh«r . Native-born of foreign father . . 100.0 100.0 .0 .0 4.7 3.6 .23 .17 .21 .08 .11 .01 5.3 3.9 Total native-born 100 0 .0 4.0 .19 .1 .05 43 Total foreign-born 100.0 .0 4.7 .95 .3 .04 6.0 This table shows abduction and kidnaping to be absent from the crimes of persons committed to Massachusetts prisons. Of the crimes of offenders convicted in the New York court of general sessions, abduction and kidnaping form a larger part, 0.7 per cent, of those of native-born offenders of foreign father than of those of the native- born of native father, 0.5 per cent. Their percentage of the crimes of the foreign-born, 0.5, is the same as that of the native-born of native Immigration and Crime. 63 father, and is somewhat exceeded by the percentages of the native- born of foreign father and the aggregate native group. No separation of assault into simple and violent assault is made in the figures showing convictions in the court of general sessions. These show that assault plays a larger part in the criminality of native-born persons of native rather, of whose crimes it forms 12.2 per cent, than in that of native-born persons of foreign father, only 8.6 per cent of whose convictions were of this crime. Of the total convictions of the foreign-born 15.8 per cent were of assault, a larger percentage than that of the total native-born group or than that of either of its parentage divisions. Simple and violent assault are separately shown in the figures of commitments to Massachusetts prisons. Each of these is less common among the crimes of the native-born of foreign father than among those of the native-born of native father. Simple assault forms 3.6 per cent of the offenses of the former group of offenders and 4.7 per cent of those of the latter. The presence of persons of foreign parentage in that group renders the percentage which simple assault forms of the crimes of the total native group smaller than the per- centage which it forms of the offenses of the native group of native parentage, this latter being, as already stated, 4.7, while that of the aggregate native group is 4. The percentage of the foreign-born, although greater than that of the total native-born, is the same as that of the native-born of native father considered as a separate group, namely, 4.7. Violent assault caused 0.17 per cent of the commitments of Ameri- can-born persons of foreign parentage, and 0.23 per cent of those of American-born persons of native parentage. Thus the former have the same effect upon the percentage of violent assault of the aggregate native group that they have with respect to the crime of simple assault. This percentage of violent assault is 0.19. Of the commit- ments of foreign-born offenders those for violent assault form 0.95 per cent, a much greater percentage than that of the native-born of native father, the aggregate native group, or the native-born of for- eign father. The various nativity and parentage groups bear similar relations to the crime of homicide in both sets of data under consideration. The percentage of the native-born of foreign father is less than that of the native-born of native father, while that of the foreign-born is greater than either of these and consequently greater than the percentage of the aggregate native group. The following rearrangement in this order of the percentages shown in the above table makes this clearer: General sessions. Massa- chusetts, 0.9 0.08 Native-born of native father . ........................ 1.3 21 2.7 .3 Total native-born 1.1 .1 Rape is shown by the records of convictions in the court of general sessions to form a larger percentage of the crimes of the native-born of foreign father, 1, than of those of the native-born of native father, 0.6. 64 The Immigration Commission. Of the crimes of the foreign-born, rape forms 1.8 per cent, or a larger percentage than that of either of the parentage divisions of the native- born, and therefore than that of the total native group. The records of commitments to Massachusetts prisons show a dLTerent state of affairs. Only 0.01 per cent of the commitments of American-born persons of for- eign parentage were for rape, while 0.11 per cent of those of American- born persons of native parentage were for this crime. Further- more, 0.04 per cent of the commitments of the foreign-born were for rape, and 0.05 per cent of those of the total native group. The for- eign percentage while less than that of the native-born of native father and that of the aggregate native-born, is greater than the per- centage of the native-born of foreign father. OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY. Inasmuch as only four of the offenses composing the group of offenses against public policy have been subjected to analysis in the preceding sections of this report, comparison of native-born offenders of native and foreign parentage may properly be limited to the same offenses. These four offenses are shown in the following table: TABLE 38. — Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses, by nativity and parentage of offender: New York court of general sessions and Massachusetts penal institutions: NUMBER. All offenses. Offenses against public policy. Disorder- ly con- duct. Drunk- enness. Gaming. Vagran- cy. All other. Total. New York court of general sessions: Native-born of native father. . Native-born of foreign father.. Total native-born Total foreign-born. .... 632 694. 17 17 31 24 48. 41 1,326 880 34 31 23 23 55 51 385 390 89 82 3,59& 7,835 Massachusetts penal institutions: Native-born of native father. . Native-born of foreign father.. Total native-born Total foreign-born 2,828 6,833 231 357 5,288 9,810 131 232 15,219 13, 101 366 446 9,698 9,083 46 32 598 405 785 631 11,495 10, 597 PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. New York court of general sessions: Native-born of native father. . 100.0 2.7 7.6 Native-born of foreign father 100 0 2.4 5.9 Total native-born 100 0 2.6 6.7 Total foreign-born 100 0 3 5 9 3 Massachusetts penal institutions- Native-born of native fattier 100 0 2 5 53 5 . 4 4.4 68.0 100 0 2 4 69 7 2 3 6 79.9 Total native-born 100 0 2 4 63 7 .3 3.9 75.5 Total foreign-born . ... 100.0 3.4 69.3 .2 3.1 80.9- Immigration and Crime. 65 Three of these crimes — disorderly conduct, drunkenness, and vag- rancy— appear only in the records of commitments to Massachusetts penal institutions. Gaming alone is found in both sets of data. . Disorderly conduct is shown by the above table to form the same proportion of the total crimes of the aggregate native-born and of the division thereof which is of foreign parentage. Of the whole number of commitments of each of these groups of offenders those for dis- orderly conduct compose 2.4 per cent. Of the total commitments of the native-born of native father they compose a slightly larger part, 2.5 per cent. Both of these percentages are less than that of the foreign-born, which is 3.4. Commitments to Massachusetts prisons for drunkenness form a larger part of the total commitments of the native-born of foreign father, 69.7 per cent, than they do of those of the native-born of native father, 53.5 per cent. Their percentage of the commitments of these combined groups is greater than that of the group com- posed solely of persons of native parentage, being 63.7. The per- centage of the foreign-born, which is 69.3, is greater than that of either of the two latter groups, but slightly less than that of the native-born of foreign father. Gaming forms, in the records both of convictions in the New York court of general sessions and of commitments to Massachusetts pris- ons, a slightly smaller percentage of the crimes of native-born offend- ers of foreign parentage than of those of native-born offenders of native parentage. The figures from the court of general sessions give their percentage of the former as 2.4 and of the latter as 2.7, while the per- centage of these two groups shown by the Massachusetts prison records are respectively 0.2 and 0.4. In each set of data the aggregate native percentage is slightly greater than that of the division of foreign parentage and slightly less than that of the division of native parent- age, being in the court of general sessions figures 2.6 and in those from the Massachusetts prisons 0.3. In the former set of data the foreign- born have a larger percentage than any of the combinations of the native-born, convictions for gaming composing 3.5 per cent of the total convictions of foreign-born offenders. Commitments to Massa- chusetts prisons for this crime form the same proportion of the total commitments of the foreign-born that they do of those of the native- born of foreign father, 0.2 per cent. This is a smaller percentage than such commitments form of the total number of those of the native- born of native father or of the aggregate native group. Vagrancy caused a smaller proportion of the commitments of native-born persons of foreign parentage to Massachusetts prisons, being 3.6 per cent, than of those of native-born persons of native parentage, the latter being 4.4 per cent. Of the commitments of persons of foreign birth those for this offense form only 3.1 per cent. This is less than their percentage of the total commitments of the aggregate native-born, which is 3.9, or of either of the parentage divisions of the native group, whose percentages are given above. 66 The Immigration Commission. OFFENSES AGAINST CHASTITY. Of the offenses against chastity, crimes of prostitution alone are segregated in the comparison of immigrant and native criminality. These crimes of prostitution are not found in the records of convic- tions in the New York court of general sessions. Of commitments to Massachusetts prisons, the few which were for such crimes are shown, in the following table: TABLE 39. — Offenses against chastity compared with all offenses, by nativity and parentage of offender: Massachusetts penal institutions. NUMBER. All offenses. Offenses against chastity. Crimes of prosti- tution. All other. Total. Massachusetts penal institutions: Native-born of native father . 5,288 9,810 41 33 162 165 203 198 Native-born of foreign father Total native-born 15,219 13,101 74 82 331 278 405 360 Total foreign-born PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. Massachusetts penal institutions: Native-born of native father 100.0 0.8 3 8 Native-born of foreign father 100.0 .3 2.0 Total native-born 100.0 .5 2 7 Total foreign-born 100.0 .6 2 7 Considerable difference in the relative amount of this sort of criminality appears among offenders of American birth of native and of foreign parentage. Of the crimes of the latter, those of prostitu- tion form only 0.3 per cent, while of the crimes of the native-born of native father they form 0.8 per cent, or nearly three times as large a proportion. Because of this comparatively smaller percentage of the native-born of foreign father, the percentage of the combined native group is made less than that of the foreign-born, although that of the native-born of native parentage is greater. CHAPTER VTI. DIFFERENCES IN IMMIGRANT AND SECOND GENERATION CRIME. The presence of data showing the parentage of offenders of Ameri- can birth makes possible a comparison of the criminality of certain immigrant groups and of the American-born children of the same races and nationalities with the criminality of the group native-born of native father. Of the various immigrant races appearing in the records of the New York court of general sessions five have been selected for such analy- sis, together with the five native groups of corresponding immigrant parentage. From the statistics of commitments to Massachusetts penal institutions five nationality groups of immigrants and the five corre- sponding groups of natives have been selected. The groups to which this analysis is limited have been determined by their numerical rep- resentation among total offenders. No other comparable immigrant and second generation groups have a sufficient number of cases to make their inclusion in this comparison feasible. The chief value of this comparison of immigrant races and nationali- ties with American-born persons of corresponding foreign parentage — the " second generation" — lies in the fact that it shows whether the American-born children of immigrants become more like the American- born children of native parents in the character of their criminality. 1. CONVICTIONS IN NEW YORK COURT OF GENERAL SESSIONS. The five races of immigrants selected from the data of the New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909, are the English, German, Hebrew, Irish, and Italian. The five native groups of foreign parentage are those composed of persons whose fathers were immigrants belonging to the English, German, Hebrew, Irish, and Italian races. With these is shown the native-white group of native parentage, which serves as a standard with which the immi- grant and second generation groups are compared. 67 68 The Immigration Commission. Among these 11 groups of offenders the various crimes are distrib- uted as follows: TABLE 40. — Distribution of crimes, first and second generations compared: Convictions in New York court of general sessious, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909. Offense. Native white of native father. English. German. Hebrew. Irish. Italian. Im- mi- grant. Sec- ond gener- ation. Im- mi- grant. Sec- ond gener- ation. Im- mi- grant. Sec- ond gener- ation. Im- mi- grant. Sec- ond gener- ation. Im- mi- grant. Sec- ond gener- ation. Gainful offenses ... 333 33 23 94 96 210 86 52 234 103 59 Burglary 85 1 22 215 10 41 3 6 27 27 66 1 22 8 78 28 10 32 Extortion Forgery and fraud 1 29 1 16 10 57 4 65 15 126 2 21 8 55 1 5 4 4 Larceny and receiving stolen 41 3 25 149 3 37 56 5 88 26 1 14 Robbery .... Offenses of personal violence Abduction 1 4 13 10 3 33 2 3 37 2 6 1 1 4 1 15 1 4 12 1 22 2 "~33~ 3 1 18 1 64 11 12 40 2 10 1 1 8 Assault 1 1 2 10 3 4 Homicide 1 Rape 1 4 Offenses against public policy. . . GftTning 2 2 12 3 15 22 3 4 1 1 3 9 3 1 2 2 7 5 1 3 3 1 1 2 8 10 2 11 29 3 5 1 Allother 2 Unclassified offenses 5 2 6 9 4 Total 418 82 39 29 125 112 247 96 86 300 235 CLASSES OF CRIME. The following table shows the proportion which each class of crime forms of the total offenses of each race and parentage group: TABLE 41. — Classes of crimes, first and second generations compared: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909. NUMBER. Race and parentage. Total. Gainful offenses. Offenses of per- sonal violence. Offenses against public policy. Offenses against chastity. Unclassi- fied offenses. Native white of native father 418 333 41 37 3 4 English: Immigrant .. 39 33 1 2 3 Second generation 29 23 4 2 German: Immigrant 125 94 13 12 1 5 Second generation 112 96 10 4 2 Hebrew: Immigrant 247 210 21 12 1 3 Second generation ... . . 96 86 5 4 1 Irish: Immigrant 86 52 25 3 6 Second generation .. ............... 300 234 37 18 2 9 Italian: Immigrant 235 103 88 40 4 Second generation .................... 82 59 14 8 i Immigration and Crime. 69 TABLE 41. — Classes of crimes, first and second generations compared: New York court of general session*. October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909 — Continued. PER CENT OF TOTAL NUMBER. Race and parentage. Total. Gainful offenses. Offenses of per- sonal violence. Offenses against public policy. Offenses against chastity. Unclassi- fied offenses. Native white of native father 100.0 79.7 9.8 8.9 0.7 English: Immi°Tant 100 0 84 G 2 6 5 1 7 7 Second generation 100.0 79.3 13.8 6.9 .0 German: Immigrant 100.0 75.2 10.4 9.6 .8 Second generation ... 100.0 85.7 8.9 3.6 .0 Hebrew: Immigrant 100.0 85.0 8.5 4.9 .4 Second generation 100 0 89 6 5 2 4 2 1 0 Irish: Immigrant 100.0 60.5 29 1 3.5 .0 Second generation 100 0 78 0 12 3 6 0 7 Italian: Immigrant . . ... 100 0 43 8 37 4 17 0 o Second generation 100 0 72 0 17 1 9 8 1 2 A comparison of these groups of offenders brings out the fact that in certain cases the character of the criminality of native-born chil- dren of immigrants tends to swing away from that of immigrants themselves toward that of the native-born whites of nonimmigrant parentage. Thus the above table shows that of the crimes of the English immi- grant group the gainful offenses form 84.6 per cent, while of the crimes of the native-born children of English immigrants they form 79.3 per cent. As these offenses compose 79.7 per cent of the crimes of native white offenders of native father, the percentage of the American-born children of English immigrants differs from that of the foreign-born English in the direction of the percentage of the group native white of native parentage. In sbnie cases, as that cited above, the percentages of the immi- grant and corresponding second generation groups stand on either side of the percentage of the native whites of native father, while in others both are on the same side of it. But the percentage of the second generation, in differing from that of the first, differs in the direction of the white nonimmigrant stand- ard— the native white of native father. With the exception of the children of Hebrew immigrants, such is the case with each of the second generation groups shown above. The foreign-born Hebrews, it will be observed, show gainful offenses amounting to 85 per cent of the total criminality of the group, while the percentage of the second generation is 89.6. These, compared with the percentage of the native whites of native father, which is 79.7, illus- trate this difference, for while both of the former are greater than the last, the percentage of the Hebrew second generation differs from that of the first generation away from the percentage of the native white of native father instead of toward it. The same is true with regard to offenses of personal violence, where the immigrant Hebrew percentage is 8.5 the second generation 5.2, and the native white of native father 9.8. Here both Hebrew percentages are less than the native white nonimmigrant standard, but the Hebrew second genera- 70 The Immigration Commission. tion percentage, in being least of all three, indicates that the character of the criminality of this group, so far as offenses of personal violence are concerned, is not only unlike that of the first generation, but that the unlikeness is not in the direction of the native white of native father, but in the opposite direction. Offenses against public policy bear similar relations to the criminality of the first and second genera- tion Hebrew groups. Their percentage of the former is 4.9 and of the latter 4.2, while of the crimes of the native whites of native father this class of crime forms 8.9 per cent. In each of the three cases cited above, illustrating the relation of the criminality of immigrant Hebrews and native-born children of immigrant Hebrews to that of the native whites of native father, it will be observed that the percentage of the first generation is in each case nearer that of the native white of native father than is the per- centage of the second generation. This, however, may be true without resulting in any deviation of the second-generation criminality away from that of the American-born group of native parentage. The German immigrant and second generation groups are evidences of this. This can perhaps be most clearly shown by arranging the percentages of the foreign-born Germans, the second-generation Germans, and the native-born whites of native father in the following manner: Offenses. Race or descent Of Against " Gainful. personal public violence. policy. German, immigrant f 75.2 10.4 9 6 79.7 9 8 8 9 German, second generation 85 7 8 9 3 6 In each of these three series of percentages, that of the native white of native father stands naturally between those of the immigrant and second-generation Germans. It is evident from this that the second -generation percentage, even though in each case further removed from the native white of native father than that of the immigrant German group, differs from the latter in the direction of the percentage of the group native white of native parentage, instead of away from it. Comparison of the groups of immigrant English, Irish, and Italians, and the English, Irish, and Italian second-generation groups shows that the percentages of the latter are, with regard to each of the three classes of crime, respectively nearer those of the native white of native father than are the percentages of the corresponding immigrant groups. The second-generation percentage in every case tends toward that of the group of native whites born of native father rather than toward the percentage of the immigrant group to which it is allied. Striking illustration of this is afforded by the Italian second-generation group, in which the relative frequency of the various classes of crime is quite unlike that of the Italian immigrant group. Immigration and Crime. 71 The following arrangement of the percentages throws this fact into sharper definition: Race or descent. Gainful. Of personal violence. Against public policy. Italian: Immigrant 43 8 37 4 17 0 Second generation 72 0 17 1 9 8 Native white, native father 79 7 9 8 8.9 Offenses. GAINFUL OFFENSES. Turning to the specific crimes composing the group of gainful offenses, similar comparisons may be made. TABLE 42. — Gainful offenses compared with all offenses, first and second generations com- pared: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909. NUMBER. Gainful offenses. All Larceny • offenses. Burglary. Extor- tion. Forgery and fraud. and re- ceiving stolen Robbery. Total. property. Native white of native father 418 85 1 22 215 10 333 English: Immigrant 39 3 i 29 00 29 6 1 16 23 German: Immigrant 125 27 10 57 94 S econd generation 112 27 4 65 Hebrew: Immigrant 247 96 66 22 1 15 g 126 55 2 210 oa Second generation. Immigrant 86 g 41 3 CO Second generation 300 78 4 149 Italian: Immigrant . 235 28 10 4 56 ., 1«y> Second generation 82 32 26 1 59 PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. Native white of native father English: Immigrant 100.0 100 0 20.3 7 7 0.2 o 5.3 2 6 51.4 74 4 2.4 o 79.7 04 c Second generation 100 0 20 7 O 3 4 CC 0 German: Immigrant 100 0 21 6 o 8 0 45 6 7E o Second generation 100 0 24 1 o 3 6 58 0 o 85 7 Hebrew: Immigrant 100 0 26 7 4 6 1 fil 0 OC rt Second generation... 100 0 22 9 o 8 3 57 3 1 0 89 6 Irish: Immigrant 100 0 9 3 o o 47 7 3 5 fO 5 Second generation.. 100 0 26 0 o 1 3 49 7 1 0 78 ft Italian: Immigrant 100 0 11 9 4 3 1 7 23 8 2 i 43 8 Second generation 100 0 39 0 o o 81 7 1 2 72 O 72 The Immigration Commission. II 03 '3 II 2.2 "-"rU |o - 11 Immigration and Crime. 73 When the method of comparison already employed is applied to these figures, new results are obtained. Of the pairs of immigrant and second-generation percentages shown in the preceding table, four are exceptions to the rule of second-generation deviation in the direction of the native white group of native parentage. These four exceptions, instead of belonging to the same pair of first and second-generation groups as do the exceptions found in Table 41 are distributed among three pairs. Thus, at some point the second-generation Germans, Hebrews, and Italians differ in relative frequency of crime from the immigrant Germans, Hebrews, and Italians, moving in the opposite direction from that in which the native whites of native parentage differ from the three specified immigrant groups. The exception of the German second generation is found in the crime of burglary, which forms 21.6 per cent of the total crimes of German immigrants, 20.3 per cent of those of native whites of native father, and 24.1 per cent of those of second-generation Germans. The exception of the Hebrew second generation occurs with respect to forgery and fraud, which compose 6.1 per cent of the crimes of foreign-born Hebrews, 5.3 per cent of those of native whites of native father, and 8.3 per cent or those of the American born children of Hebrew immigrants. Two exceptions are found in the Italian second-generation group. One concerns the crimes of forgery and fraud, which form 1.7 per cent of the total criminality of the Italian immigrant group, 5.3 per cent of that of the American-born whites of native father, and which are entirely absent from the criminality of the Italian second generation. The other occurs in the figures for robbery. Among the convictions of Italian immigrants, 2.1 per cent are for this crime, among those of the native whites of native father, 2.4 per cent, and among those of second-generation Italians, only 1.2 per cent. The English and Irish second generations differ from the first in their percentages of burglary, of forgery and fraud, of larceny and receiving stolen property, and of robbery, tending toward those of the native whites born of native father, no exceptions being found in these comparable groups. The same is true of the second-generation Germans with respect to forgery and fraud and larceny and receiving stolen property, while robbery, occurring among the crimes of neither the first nor second generations, affords no opportunity for com- parison. The Hebrew second generation likewise follows the rule in convictions for burglary, larceny and receiving stolen property, and robbery. The American-born children of Italian immigrants show like deviation from the criminality of the immigrant generation in the crimes of burglary and larceny and receiving stolen property. OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE. The offenses designated as those of "personal violence" afford other instances of exceptions to the rule of second-generation deviation in the direction of the native white of native father. These exceptions are four in number, as shown by the table on next page. 79340°— VOL 36—11 6 74 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 43. — Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses, first and second generations compared: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909. NUMBER. All offenses. Offenses of personal violence. Abduc- tion. Assault. . Homi- cide. Rape. Total. Native white of native father 418 39 29 125 112 247 96 86 300 235 82 3 33 2 1 1 3 1 1 3 41 1 4 13 10 21 5 25 37 88 14 English: Immigrant Second generation .. 1 10 6 15 4 22 33 64 10 2 German: Immigrant Second generation 2 1 1 4 1 Hebrew: Immigrant Second generation . Irish: Immigrant 1 2 3 11 1 Second generation 1 12 1 Italian: Immigrant . .. 1 2 Second generation PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. Native white of native father 100.0 0.7 7.9 0.5 0.7 9.8 English: Immigrant 100.0 .0 .0 2.6 .0 2.6 Second generation . 100.0 .0 3.4 3.4 6.9 13.8 German: Immigrant 100.0 .0 8.0 2.4 .0 10.4 Second generation 100.0 1.8 5.4 .9 .9 8.9 Hebrew: Immigrant .... 100.0 .4 6.1 .4 1.6 8.5 Second generation 100.0 .0 4.2 .0 1.0 5.2 Irish: Immigrant 100.0 1.2 25.6 2.3 .0 29.1 Second generation 100.0 .0 11.0 1.0 .3 12.3 Italian: Immigrant 100.0 .4 27.2 4.7 5.1 37.4 Second generation 100.0 2.4 12.2 1.2 1.2 17.1 One of these exceptions is of the second-generation English and three are of the second-generation Hebrews. The English second-generation exception occurs with respect to the crime of homicide. Convictions for this offense form 0.5 per cent of the total convictions of native whites of native father, 2.6 per cent of those of English immigrants, and 3.4 per cent of those of second generation English. One of the exceptions of the Hebrew second generation is found in the figures showing the percentage of convictions for abduction, one in those for assault, and the third in those for homicide. The Hebrew second generation has no convictions for abduction, while one conviction is found among those of immigrant Hebrews, forming 0.4 per cent of their total convictions. The native whites of native father have three such convictions, which form 0.7 per cent of their total number. This shows the absence of abduction from the crimes of the second-generation Hebrews to be a difference from the criminality of the first generation in the opposite direction from that of the American-born whites of native father. Of assault the percentage of the native whites of native father is 7.9, that of the immigrant Hebrews 6.1, and that of the American- born children of immigrant Hebrews 4.2. Immigration and Crime. 75 Homicide composes 0.5 per cent of the crimes of the native whites of native father, 0.4 per cent of those of foreign-born Hebrews, while no cases of homicide occur among the crimes of the Hebrew second generation. The German, Irish, and Italian second-generation groups furnish no exceptions to the rule stated at the beginning of this chapter. The relative frequency with which they committed the various crimes shown in the preceding table differs in every case from that of the cor- responding immigrant group, tending to approximate to that of the native whites born of native father. Immigrant English offenders have no convictions for assault or for rape, but as the native whites born of native father have convictions for these crimes the fact that the second-generation English also show convictions for them makes the second generation more, rather than less, like the native whites born of native father. The same is true of the German first and sec- ond generation groups with regard to abduction and rape, and of the iirst and second generation Irish with regard to the latter crime. The second-generation Irish have no convictions for abduction; but as 1.2 per cent of the convictions of the immigrant Irish are for this crime, and only 0.7 per cent of those of the native whites born of native father, the absence of abduction from the list of second-gen- eration Irish crimes shows that the criminality of this group varies from that of the first generation along the same lines as the group of American-born persons of native parentage. OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY. But one other specific offense found in the data of the court of general sessions has been subjected to analysis in the preceding chapters of this report. This is the crime of gaming, found in the group of " offenses against public policy." TABLE 44. — Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses, first and second generations compared: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909. NUMBER. • All offenses. Offenses against public policy. Gaming. All other. Total. Native white of native father 418 39 29 125 112 247 96 86 300 235 82 15 1 22 1 2 3 2 5 1 2 10 29 5 37 2 2 12 4 12 4 3 18 40 8 English: Immigrant Second generation German: Immigrant 9 2 7 3 1 8 11 3 Second generation Hebrew: Immigrant Second generation Irish: Immigrant Second generation . ..... . Italian: Immigran t Second generation ... 76 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 44. — Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses, first and second generations compared: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June SO, 1909— Continued. PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. All offenses. Offenses against public policy. Gaming. All other. Total. Native white of native father 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3.6 2.6 .0 7.2 1.8 2.8 3.1 1.2 2.7 4.7 3.7 8.9 5.1 6.9 9.6 3.6 4.9 4.2 3.5 6.0 17.0 9.8 English: Immigrant Second generation . . German: Immigrant Second generation Hebrew: Immigrant Second generation Irish: Immigrant Second generation Italian: Immigrant Second generation This table shows that but one of the second-generation groups deviates from the corresponding first-generation group in a direction opposite to that in which the native white group of native parentage deviates. This is the English second generation, among whose con- victions none for gaming appear, while of the convictions of immi- grant English offenders, 1, or 2.6 per cent, is of this nature, and of those of native whites of native father 15, or 3.6 per cent. The German, Hebrew, Irish, and Italian second-generation groups all differ in percentage of convictions for gaming from the corre- sponding first-generation groups in the direction of the American- born white of nonimmigrant parentage. SUMMARY. While cases are numerous in which the criminality of the second generation differs from that of the first in the direction of the crim- inality of the native white of native father, only one of the second- generation groups employed in this comparison maintains throughout the entire series of figures analyzed a constant difference of this character. Each of the other four second-generation groups proves at some point an exception to the rule. The group exhibiting this unchanging relation is the second-generation Irish. Its percentages of the various crimes and classes of crime, together with those of the immigrant Irish and the American-born whites of native father, are shown in the following tables for the purpose of bringing out this fact more clearly. Immigration and Crime. 77 TABLE 45. — Deviation of the Irish second generation from the immigrant: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909. CLASSES OF CRIME. Gainful offenses. Offenses of personal violence. Offenses against public policy. Offenses against chastity. Irish: Immigrant 60.5 29.1 3.5 Second generation 78.0 12.3 6.0 79 7 9 8 8 9 GAINFUL OFFENSES. Larceny Forgery and Burglary. and fraud. receiving stolen Robbery. property. Irish: Immigrant 9.3 0.0 47.7 3.5 Second generation .... ... 26.0 1.3 49.7 1.0 Native white of native father 20 3 5 3 51 4 2.4 OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE. Abduc- tion. Assault Homi- cide. Rape. Irish: Immigrant 1 2 25 6 2 3 0 9 Second generation .0 11.0 1.0 .3 Native white of native father 7 7 9 5 7 GAMING. Gaming. Irish: Immigrant Second generation Native white of native father 1.-2 2,7 2. COMMITMENTS TO MASSACHUSETTS PENAL INSTITUTIONS. From the data of commitments to Massachusetts penal institu- tions,0 October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909, five immigrant and five second-generation groups have likewise been selected for comparison with persons native-born of native father. No separation, however, of the white and negro constituents of the latter group is possible, and it is therefore a less accurate standard of comparison than that afforded by the data of the New York court of general sessions. Furthermore, the Massachusetts records do not contain any classi- fication of the foreign-born by race, nor of the native-born by race of father. The classification is, in both cases, by country of birth. « Excluding the State farm. 78 The Immigration Commission. Thus, in the following discussion the term " nationality" is used to indicate the country of birth of the foreign-born, and when reference is made to the " second generation" it should be interpreted as meaning the American-born children of the designated " nationality." For example, by first-generation Canadians are meant persons born in Canada, while by second-generation Canadians are meant persons born in the United States whose fathers were born in Canada. The five pairs of immigrant and second-generation groups employed in the following analysis are the Canadian, English, German, Irish, and Scotch. Only one of the five second-generation groups shows, in the data of commitments to Massachusetts penal institutions, a persistent deviation in the character of its criminality from the corresponding immigrant group in the direction of the native-born of native father. This group is the second-generation Irish. The percentages upon which this conclusion is based are shown, in an arrangement admitting of ready comparison, in the following tables : TABLE 46. — Distribution of crimes, first and second generations compared: Commitments to Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909. Offense. Native born of native father. Canadian. English. German. Irish. Scotch. Immi- grant. SPC- ond gener- ation. Im- mi- grant. Sec- ond gener- ation. Im- mi- grant. Sec- ond gener- ation. Immi- grant. Sec- ond gener- ation. Im- mi- grant. Sec- ond gener- ation. Gainful offenses 1,090 308 220 78 76 30 36 282 726 37 38 Burglary 171 1 43 839 36 278 35 43 8 17 3 6 26 106 6 Extortion Forgery and fraud 13 253 7 134 1 171 5 52 2 67 1 55 1 57 1 23 2 24 1 12 1 27 2 8 8 243 5 189 14 587 19 260 1 35 1 12 2 25 5 4 Larceny and receiving stolen property Robbery Offenses of personal violence. . Assault simple 249 12 11 6 3,598 121 5 7 1 2,038 48 3 1 51 3 23 11 8 142 45 2 247 8 5 11 1 3 1 Homicide ..... ... 1 Rape 1 Offenses against public policy. Disorderly conduct 831 848 400 104 138 5,718 6,074 376 212 131 2,828 23 231 385 203 126 1,723 1 77 111 134 39 655 1 49 87 43 46 714 11 320 3 "'73' 1 102 1 20 14 5 173 5,234 3 161 147 70 157 5,472 16 226 203 113 21 326 8 179 Drunkenness Vagrancy 45 43 29 37 29 12 11 20 5 16 13 8 15 10 9 All other Offenses against chastity Crimes of prostitution All other 41 162 119 34 100 61 2,675 7 36 30 12 17 26 1,036 3 9 18 529 ""5" TiT 1 4 13 200 8 62 92 6,351 13 100 105 7,278 1 7 6 439 1 8 8 271 Unclassified offenses Total 5,288 1,176 Immigration and Crime. 79 TABLE 47. — Deviation of the Irish second generation from the immigrant: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909. CLASSES OF CRIME. » Gainful offenses. Offenses of personal violence. Offenses against public policy. Offenses against chastity. Irish: Immigrant . .... 4.4 3.0 90.0 1.1 10 0 3.6 83.5 1.6 Native-born of native father . 20.6 5.3 68.0 3.8 GAINFUL OFFENSES. Larceny Forgery and re- Burglary. and ceiving Robbery. fraud. stolen property. Irish: Immigrant 0.4 0.1 3.8 0.1 Second generation 1.5 .2 8.1 .3 Native-born of native father 3.2 .8 15.9 .7 OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE. Simple assault. Violent assault. Homi- cide. Rape. Irish: Immigrant 2.2 0.71 0.03 0.00 Second generation 3.4 .11 .07 .00 Native-born of native father.. 4.7 .23 .21 .11 OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY. Dis- orderly conduct. Drunk- enness. Gaming. Va- grancy. Irish: Immigrant 2.7 82.4 0.05 2.5 Second generation . . . 2.2 75 2 .22 3.1 Native-born of native father 2.5 53.5 .4 4.4 CRIMES OF PROSTITUTION. Crimes of pros- titution. Irish: Immigrant Second generation Native-born of native father. 0.1 .2 80 The Immigration Commission. CLASSES OF CRIME. The four general classes of crime occur among the eleven groups of offenders selected for analysis as follows: TABLE 48. — Classes of crimes, first and second generations compared: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909. NUMBER. Total. Gainful offenses. Offenses of per- sonal violence. Offenses against public policy. Offenses against chastity. Unclassi- fied of- fenses. Native-born of native father 5,288 1,090 278 3,598 203 119 Canadian: 2,675 308 134 2,038 134 61 Second generation 1,176 220 52 831 43 30 English: Immigrant . . 1,036 78 55 848 29 26 Second generation 529 76 23 400 12 18 German: Immigrant ... 155 30 12 104 5 4 Second generation 200 36 8 138 5 13 Irish: Immigrant . . . 6,351 282 189 5,718 70 92 Second generation 7,278 726 260 6,074 113 105 Scotch: Immigrant 439 37 12 376 8 6 Second generation 271 38 4 212 9 8 PER CENT OF TOTAL NUMBER. Native-born of native father 100 0 20 6 5.3 68.0 3.8 Canadian* 100.0 11.5 5.0 76.2 5.0 100 0 18.7 4.4 70.7 3.7 English- 100.0 7.5 5.3 81.9 2.8 100 0 14.4 4.3 75.6 2.3 German: Immigrant 100.0 19.4 7.7 67.1 3.2 100 0 18.0 4.0 69.0 2.5 Irish: 100 0 4.4 3.0 90.0 1.1 100 0 10 0 3.6 83.5 1.6 Scotch: 100.0 8.4 2.7 85.6 1.8 100 0 14 0 1.5 78.2 3.3 Immigration and Crime. 81 GAINFUL OFFENSES. The distribution of the crimes composing the group of gainful offenses is shown in Table 49. TABLE 49. — Gainful offenses compared with all offenses, first and second generations com- pared: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909. NUMBER. All offenses. Gainful offenses. Burglary. Forgery and fraud. Larceny and re- ceiving stolen property. Robbery. Total. Native-born of native father 5,288 2,675 1,176 1,036 529 155 200 6,351 7,278 439 271 171 35 43 8 17 3 6 26 106 43 13 1 2 1 2 1 8 14 1 2 839 253 171 67 57 24 27 243 587 35 25 36 7 5 1 1 1 2 5 19 1 5 1,090 308 220 78 76 30 36 282 726 37 38 Canadian: Immigrant .... Second generation English: Immigrant Second generation German: Second generation .... ... Irish: Immigrant. Second generation Scotch: Immigrant Second generation 6 PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. Native-born of native father 100.0 3.2 0.8 15.9 0.7 20.6 Canadian: Immigrant 100.0 1.3 .5 9.5 .3 11.5 Second generation 100.0 3.7 .1 14.5 .4 18.7 English: Immigrant .. 100.0 .8 .2 6.5 .1 7.5 Second generation 100 0 3.2 .2 10.8 .2 14 4 German: Immigrant 100.0 1.9 1.3 15.5 .6 19.4 Second generation 100.0 3.0 .5 13.5 1.0 18.0 Irish: Immigrant 100.0 .4 .1 3.8 .1 4.4 Second generation 100.0 1.5 .2 8.1 .3 10.0 Scotch: 100 0 .0 .2 8.0 .2 8.4 Second generation 100.0 2.2 .8 9.2 1.8 14.0 82 The Immigration Commission. OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE. The specific offenses of personal violence are shown below: TABLE 50. — Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses, first and second gen- erations compared: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909. NUMBER. All offenses. Offenses of personal violence. Simple assault. Violent assault. Homi- cide. Rape. Total. Native-born of native father ..... ...... 5,288 2,675 1,176 1,036 529 155 200 6,351 7,278 439 271 249 121 48 51 23 11 8 142 247 11 3 12 5 3 3 11 7 1 6 1 278 134 52 55 23 12 8 189 260 12 4 Canadian: Immigrant Second generation ....... English: 1 Second generation ........ German: Immigrant 1 Second generation ..... Irish: Immigrant 45 8 1 1 2 5 Second generation . . Scotch: Immigrant . Second generation . . PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. Native-born of native father 100.0 4 7 0.23 0 21 0 11 5 3 Canadian: Immigrant 100.0 4.5 .19 .26 .04 5.0 Second generation 100 0 4. 1 .26 09 00 4.4 English: Immigrant 100.0 4.9 .29 .00 .1 5.3 Second generation 100 0 4.3 .00 00 00 4 3 German: Immigrant 100.0 7.1 .00 .65 .00 7.7 Second generation 100 0 4 0 .00 .00 00 4 0 Irish: Immigrant 100.0 2.2 .71 .03 .00 3.0 100.0 3.4 .11 .07 .00 3.6 Scotch: Immigrant 100.0 2.5 .23 .00 .00 2.7 100.0 1.1 .37 .00 .00 1.5 Immigration and Crime. 83 OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY. The offenses against public policy selected for analysis are exhibited in Table 51. TABLE 51. — Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses, first and second gen- erations compared: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909. NUMBER. All offenses. Offenses against public policy. Disor- derly conduct. Drunk- enness. Gaming. Vagran- cy- All other. Total. Native-born of native father 5,288 2,675 1,176 1,036 529 155 200 6,351 7,278 439 271 131 126 39 46 11 2,828 1,723 655 714 320 73 102 5,234 5,472 326 179 23 1 231 77 49 45 37 11 20 161 226 16 15 385 111 87 43 29 20 14 147 203 13 10 3,598 2,038 831 848 400 104 138 5,718 6,074 376 212 Canadian: Second generation ......... English: Second generation 3 German: Second generation 1 173 157 21 8 1 3 16 Irish: Immigrant Second generation Scotch- Immigrant Second generation PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. 100 0 2 5 53 5 0.4 4 4 68. ( Canadian: Immigrant 100 0 4.7 64.4 .04 2.9 76.: Second generation 100.0 3.3 55.7 .09 4.2 70.' English: 100 0 4 4 68 9 .00 4 3 81. < Second generation 100.0 2.1 60.5 .57 7.0 75. ( German: 100 0 o 47 1 oo 7 1 67. SeconB generation 100.0 .5 51.0 .50 10.0 69. ( Irish: Immigrant . .... . 100.0 2.7 82.4 .05 2.5 90. ( Second generation 100 0 2.2 75.2 .22 3.1 83., Scotch: Immigrant . . ........ 100.0 4.8 74.3 .00 3.6 85. ( Second generation 100 0 2.9 66.1 .00 5.5 78.1 84 The Immigration Commission. OFFENSES AGAINST CHASTITY. The proportion of offenses against chastity among all offenses is presented in the table following: TABLE 52. — Offenses against chastity compared with all offenses, first and second genera- tions compared: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30 1909. NUMBER. All offenses. Offenses against chastity. Crimes of prostitu- tion. All other. Total. 5,288 2,675 1,176 1,036 529 155 200 6,351 7,278 439 271 41 34 7 12 3 162 100 36 17 9 5 4 62 100 7 8 203 134 43 29 12 5 5 70 113 8 9 Canadian: Immigrant. SeconB generation. . . English: Immigrant Second generation German: Immigrant Second generation. . . 1 8 13 1 1 Irish: Immigrant Second generation Scotch: Immigrant Second generation PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. Native-born of native father 100 0 0 8 a o Canadian: Immigrant... .. . 100 0 1 3 5 0 Second generation... 100 0 6 3 7 English: Immigrant 100 0 1 1 2 g. Second generation 100 0 1 6 2 3 German: Immigrant 100.0 o 3.2 Second generation. . . 100 0 5 2 5 Irish: Immigrant 100 0 1 1 i Second generation 100 0 2 1 6 Scotch: Immigrant 100 0 2 1 8 Second generation 100 0 4 3 3 SUMMARY. In these five tables are shown the relations of second generation to immigrant groups and to the group of persons native-born of native father. Without entering into so detailed a study as that made of the data from the New York court of general sessions, the salient facts brought out by these figures may be briefly summarized. Those instances in which the second generation follows the rule of movement toward the native-born of native father are shown in the five tables appended. Immigration and Crime. 85 TABLE 53. — Deviation of the second generation from the immigrant in the direction of the native-born of native father: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to Sep- tember 30, 1909. CLASSES OF CRIME. Gainful offenses. Offenses of personal violence. Offenses against public policy. Offenses against chastity. Native born of native father 20.6 5 3 68 0 3 8 Canadian: Immigrant .... . . . 11.5 (a) 76 2 5 0 18 7 (a) 70 7 3 7 English: Immigrant .... 7 5 (a) 81 9 (a) Second generation. 14.4 (a) 75.6 (a) German: Immigrant .. 7 7 67 1 (a\ Second generation ... (a) 4 0 69 0 U Irish: Immigrant 4.4 3 0 90 0 1 1 Second generation 10 0 3 6 83 5 1 6 Scotch: Immigrant .. ....... 8 4 85 6 1 8 Second generation 14 0 (a) 78 2 3 3 GAINFUL OFFENSES. Burglary. Forgery and fraud. Larceny and re- ceiving stolen property. Robbery. Native-born of native father 3.2 0 8 15 9 0 7 Canadian: Immigrant 1.3 (a) 9 5 3 Second generation 3 7 (a) 14 5 4 English: Immigrant g 2 6 5 I Second generation.. 3 2 2 10 8 2 German: Immigrant 1 9 1 3 (a) g Second generation... 3.0 5 (a) 1 0 Irish: Immigrant .4 .1 3 8 1 Second generation 1 5 2 8.1 3 Scotch: Immigrant o 2 8 0 2 Second generation 2 2 g 9 2 1 8 OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE Simple assault. Violent assault. Homi- cide. Rape. Native-born of native father 4.7 0.23 0.21 0 11 Canadian: Immigrant (o) 19 26 (a) Second generation (a) .26 .09 (a) English: Immigrant 4 9 29 (b) 1 Second generation 4.3 00 (b) 00 German: Immigrant 7 1 (b) 65 (h\ Second generation 4 0 (h\ 00 (b) Irish: Immigrant 2.2 71 03 (b) Second generation 3 4 11 07 (b) Scotch: (a) (n\ (6) (h"\ Second generation (a) (a\ (b) (b) a Exception to the rule. 6 No commitments for this crime of either the immigrant or second generation group 86 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 53. — Deviation oj the second generation from the immigrant in the direction of the native-born of native father: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to Sep- tember 30, 1909— Continued. OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY. Disor- derly conduct. Drunk- enness. Gaming. Va- grancy. Native-born of native father 2.5 63.5 0.4 4.4 Canadian: Immigrant 4.7 64.4 .04 2.9 Second generation 3.3 55.7 .09 4.2 English: Immigrant .... 4.4 68.9 .00 4.3 Second generation 2.1 60.5 .57 7.0 German: Immigrant , .0 47.1 .00 (a) Second generation .5 51.0 .50 (a) Irish: Immigrant 2 7 82.4 .05 2 5 Second generation 2.2 75.2 .22 3.1 Scotch: Immigrant . . . . ... 4.8 74 3 (6) 3 6 Second generation 2.9 66.1 m 5.5 CRIMES OF PROSTITUTION. Crimes of pros- titution. Native-born of native father .. 0.8 Canadian : 1.3 Second generation .6 English: Immigrant 1.1 Second generation .6 German: Immigrant .0 Second generation .5 Irish: Immigrant .1 .2 Scotch: .2 Second generation .4 a Exception to the rule. » No commitments for thi» crime of either the immigrant or second generation group. CHAPTER VIII. NEW YORK CITY AND STATE. The State of New York had in 1900 the largest foreign population, considered numerically, of any State in the Union. It contained 1,900,425 persons of foreign birth, or nearly one-fifth (18.17 per cent) of the total number in the United States. Of the six great cities of the country New York had the largest proportion of foreign- born, 37 per cent, or a total of 1,270,080 persons. These facts make the study of immigrant crime in New York City and State of prime importance. NOTE. — Beyond the comparison of immigrants and natives in the gross lies the fact of the heterogeneity of the immigrant group. This group is composed of many races, some few of which, because of excessive numerical representation and the unique character of their criminality, may perhaps largely determine the relations which the group as a whole bears to the American-born. Thus the comparison of these various immigrant races with the American is highly important. The data upon which this investigation is based affords but a meager field for the comparison of races. Only 2,206 of the cases obtained from the New York court of general sessions, and 12,851 of the cases of aliens in penal institutions obtained From the Bureau of Immigration are by race, and among the latter no American-born persons appear. In all other sets of data the classification of offenders is either by country of birth or by "nationality." The latter term is that employed by the Chicago police department and is a modification of the former, in that geographical divisions rather than political entities are made the basis of classification. For convenience, "nationality" is used in the discussion of the data in place of "country of birth," and this interpretation of the term should be made in every case except that of the Chicago data, where, as will be more fully explained later, it has a slightly different significance in certain instances. Because of the widely different character of the data obtained from the various sources, it is impossible to combine all cases into a composite group. Each set of data must be separately analyzed and its purely local significance borne in mind. Each set is a unit, unrelated to any other, and represents merely a certain definite number of cases. Each of these sets of data will now be subjected to separate analysis. They have been arranged in the following order: (1) New York City and State — (a) New York City magistrates' courts, (b) New York City children's courts, (c) New York court of general sessions, (d) county and supreme courts of New York State; (2) Chicago — Police arrests; and (3) Massachusetts — Commitments to penal institu- tions. The classification of New York's population by principal countries of birth is shown for 1900 in the table following: TABLE 54.— Population of New York City, 1900, by country of birth. Country of birth. Number. Country of birth. Number. United States: White 2 108,980 Foreign countries— Continued. Ireland 275 10^ 58,142 Italy 145, 433 Foreign countries: Norway Poland 11,387 32 873 Austria 71, 427 Russia 155 201 Bohemia 15,055 Scotland 19,836 Canada (English) 19,399 Sweden 28 320 Canada (French) 2,527 Other countries 50 449 Denmark 5 621 England . . 68 836 Total native-born 2 167 122 France 14,755 Total foreign-born 1 270 080 Germany 322 343 31,516 Total population 3 437 202 a Persons of negro descent, Chinese, Japanese, and Indians. 87 88 The Immigration Commission. To compare these figures with those of crime is not advisable. Criminal statistics are so much affected by the factors of age and sex that to make population statistics strictly comparable with them is impossible without more complete data than the census reports afford. It is therefore well to use the population figures given above merely as a background for the analysis of the statistics of crime, without attempting any correlation of the two. For the study of immigrant criminality in New York City and State, data have been collected from the following sources: (1) New York City magistrates' courts; (2) New York City children's courts; (3) New York City court of general sessions; (4) county and supreme courts of New York State. The first three sets of data concern New York City alone ; the fourth concerns the entire State. Three of these sets of data are analyzed in the following pages, the data from the New York City children's courts alone being presented among the general tables without analysis. 1. NEW YORK CITY MAGISTRATES' COURTS. COMPILATION OF DATA. The most comprehensive records of crime in the city of New York are those of the city magistrates' or police courts. Of these there are two divisions, the first covering the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx, the second, the boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, and Richmond, and each division consisting of several different courts. A vast number of cases come before these courts each year and cover the greater part of the city's detected criminality. The records of both divisions of the courts for the calendar years from 1901 to 1908, inclusive, have been gathered into a single com- pilation, thus giving a summary of criminal cases for these eight years. ° In arranging the records for analysis, only those cases have been used which show the accused person to have been committed to a reformatory or other institution as guilty of the offense charged, or held for further trial by a higher court. Thus the tables prepared include only cases in which guilt was evident or highly probable. During the eight years under investigation the total number of such cases disposed of by these courts was 785, 824. 6 Not all of these, however, admit of inclusion in the analysis. In 14,154 of them the crime charged was so vaguely defined that it could not be classified. These 14,154 cases are therefore excluded from the num- ber to which analysis is confined. This reduces the total number of cases covered by the analysis to 771,670. a The records of the night courts, the courts of special sessions, and the children's courts have not been included in this compilation. &This does not include all cases coming before these courts; only those in which the accused was either committed to a penal institution or held for further trial. Immigration and Crime. 89 These 771,670 cases have been classified according to the nature of the crime charged as follows: Offenses. Number of cases. Per cent of total. Gainful offenses 61,579 7.9 Offenses of personal violence 31,696 4.1 669 253 86.7 Offenses against chastity 5,069 .7 4,037 .6 Totil 771,670 100.0 The largest group of offenses is that ill-defined one "against public policy, " which covers so wide a field of forbidden acts that conclusions regarding it as a group must be made with considerable reservation. The number of cases against public policy may have some effect upon the computation of the proportions of other offenses among the various nationalities, but this is unavoidable, and all that can be done is to bear in mind that the total of all offensesr upon which these proportions of specific crimes and classes of crime are based, may be largely influenced by this one ill-defined group. In analyzing these figures only the first four offense groups need be discussed. This leaves a small residue of unclassified offenses, which are of such a character that they give little indication of their exact criminal nature. It has been found impossible satisfactorily to classify them, and they have therefore been omitted from the special analysis although retained in the total of offenses. This group is so small, however, among offenders of every nationality, that its effect upon the relation of other offenses to the total is of practically no importance. The records of the city magistrates' courts do not show the race of the offender; only his country of birth. In the discussion of these records, therefore, country of birth, or nationality, must be the basis of comparison. It should be borne in mind that no reference to race is made in the treatment of these statistics from the city magistrates' courts; the term "nationality" is that most frequently employed and means no more than nativity, or country of birth. The failure to separate the group of offenders of American birth into divisions of whites and negroes and of persons of native and foreign parentage somewhat lessens the value of this group as a true nonimmigrant comparative standard. But for purposes of gross com- parison it must serve, although it is a group into which immigrant ethnic factors doubtless largely enter. The second generation — the children of immigrants — undoubtedly compose a large part of it, yet inasmuch as it is constituted entirely of persons of native birth, comparison of the various immigrant groups with it is of value. Or the groups of foreign-born offenders, those from only seven countries are clearly marked in the records of all the city magistrates' courts. 79340°— VOL 36— 11^ 7 90 The Immigration Commission. CLASSES OF CRIME. The distribution of the several classes of crime among these nation- ality groups is shown in the following table: TABLE 55. — Distribution of classes of crime: New York City magistrates' courts, Jan- uary 1, 1901, to December 31, 1908. NUMBER. Country of birth of offender. Total. Gainful offenses. Offenses of per- sonal violence. Offenses against public policy. Offenses against chastity. Unclassi- fied offenses. United States 365,386 36, 764 14,292 310,321 2,066 1,943 England 15.445 1 256 545 13 495 78 71 France 8,464 363 139 7,596 348 18 Germany 52, 193 3,999 2 238 44 968 631 357 Ireland 110,085 4,796 4,117 100,445 166 561 Italy 67, 125 4,312 4,873 56, 974 542 424 Russia 57,323 4 784 1 908 49 811 510 310 Scotland 6,476 358 171 5,911 18 18 Total foreign 402,772 24,635 17, 141 355, 905 2,980 2,111 Grand total 768 158 61 399 31 433 666 2^6 5 046 4 054 PER CENT OF TOTAL NUMBER. United States 100.0 10.1 3.9 84.9 0.6 0.5 England «. 100.0 8.1 3.5 87.4 .5 .5 100.0 4.3 1.6 89.7 4.1 .2 100.0 7.7 4.3 86.2 1.2 .7 Ireland . .. 100.0 4.4 3.7 91.2 .2 .5 Italy 100.0 6.4 7.3 84.9 .8 .6 Russia 100.0 8.3 3.3 86.9 .9 .5 Scotland 100.0 5.5 2.6 91.3 .3 .3 Total foreign 100.0 6.1 4.3 88.4 .7 .5 Grand total ... 100.0 8.0 4.1 86.7 .7 .5 From this table it appears that one class of crime plays a larger part in the criminality of American-born persons than in that of any nationality group of immigrants. This is the class of offenses designated as "gainful." Of the total number of offenses com- mitted by persons born in the United States 10.1 per cent were of this character. The highest percentage which the gainful offenses form of the total crimes of any foreign nationality is 8.3 per cent, that being their percentage of the crimes of immigrant offenders born in Russia. The proportion which such offenses form of the total crimes of persons of English birth is nearly as large, being 8.1 per cent. Next in rank is the percentage of persons born in Germany, 7.7, and following this are the percentages of the Italians, 6.4, the Scotch 5.5, the Irish, 4.4, and the French, whose percentage of 4.3 is least of the eight nationality groups shown. Offenses of personal violence, against public policy, and against chastity form larger proportions of the total criminality of various groups of immigrant offenders than of that of the American-born. Two of the immigrant groups have larger percentages of offenses of personal violence than the group of persons born hi the United States. These two immigrant nationalities are the Italian, of whose crimes Immigration and Crime. 91 those of personal violence form 7.3 per cent, and the Germans, 4.3 per cent of whose offenses are of this nature. All other immigrant groups have smaller proportions of such crimes than the native-born, of whose total offenses they form 3.9 per cent. The most striking thing shown by these figures is the relatively high percentages of offenses of personal violence found among the Italians; this percent- age is nearly twice as great as that of the Americans, and over four and one-half times that of the French, whose percentage of 1.6 is least of the eight nationality groups shown. Relative frequency of gainful offenses: New York City magistrates1 courts, 1901-1908. COUNTRY OF BIRTH UNITED STATES RUSSIA ENGLAND GERMANY ITALY SCOTLAND IRELAND FRANCE Of offenses against jjublic policy no nationality has a smaller pro- portion than the American, 84.9 per cent of whose crimes are of this character. With the exception of the Italian, whose percentage is the same as that of the American-born group, all of the foreign nationali- ties have larger proportions. The highest percentage is that of the Scotch, 91.3 per cent of whose offenses are against public policy. This, however, is only slightly in excess of that of the Irish, the latter being 91.2 per cent. 92 The Immigration Commission. Four of the seven foreign nationalities have larger proportions of offenses against chastity than the American. These are the French, 4.1 per cent of whose crimes are against chastity, the Germans, whose percentage is 1.2, the Russian, of whose total offenses these form 0.9 per cent, and the Italian, 0.8 per cent of whose crimes is composed of such offenses. The American percentage, 0.6, is only half that of the Germans and only slightly more than one-seventh that of the French. The Irish and the Scotch percentages are less than any others, the former being 0.2 and the latter 0.3. It is noteworthy that the four English-speaking nationalities, the American, English, Irish, and Scotch, are exceeded in relative frequency of offenses against chastity by each of the four non-English-speaking nationalities. GAINFUL OFFENSES. In the following table are shown the several gainful offenses, their distribution among the nationalities, and the proportion which each forms of the total crimes of each nationality: TABLE 56. — Gainful offenses compared with all offenses: New York City magistrates'1 courts, 1901 to 1908. NUMBER. Country of birth of offender. All offenses. Gainful offenses. Black- mail and ex- tortion. Bur- glary. Forgery and fraud. Larceny and re- ceiving stolen prop- erty. Robbery. Total. United States 365,386 102 7,221 413 27,009 2,019 36,764 England . 15,445 8,464 52, 193 110,085 67, 125 57,323 6,476 9 7 12 11 116 14 1 161 49 657 759 910 869 32 23 4 75 17 22 42 6 1,020 281 3,120 3,713 2,978 3,685 305 43 22 135 296 286 174 14 1,256 363 3,999 4,796 4,312 4,784 358 France Germany Ireland Italy Russia ... Scotland Total foreign 402, 772 185 4,180 272 18, 795 1,203 24,635 Grand total 768,158 287 11,401 685 45,804 3,222 61,399 PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. A. United States 100.0 0.03 2.0 0.11 7.4 0.6 10.1 England 100.0 .06 1.0 .15 6.6 .3 8.1 France .. •100.0 .08 .6 .05 3.3 .3 4.3 Germany 100.0 .02 1.3 .14 6.0 .3 7.7 100.0 .01 .7 .02 3.4 .3 4.4 Italy 100.0 .17 1.4 .03 4.4 .4 6.4 Russia 100.0 .02 1.5 .07 6.4 .3 8.3 Scotland 100.0 .02 .5 .09 4.7 .2 5.5 Total foreign 100.0 .05 1.0 .07 4.7 .3 6.1 Grand total 100.0 .04 1.5 .09 6.0 .4 8.0 Immigration and Crime. 93 The number of cases of blackmail and extortion is small compared with the number of other crimes shown in this table, but it is possible to contrast the various nationalities with respect to them. The Ital- ians stand out most prominently in the records of these offenses; although only 0.17 per cent of their crimes consist of blackmail and extortion, no other nationality has half so large a proportion. The percentage of the French most nearly approaches that of the Italians, and it is only 0.08. The Italians, French, and English exceed the American-born in relative frequency of these crimes, while the per- centage of the latter, which is 0.03, is greater than that of the four remaining foreign groups. The German, Russian, and Scotch groups have each 0.02 per cent, while *the Irish percentage, 0.01, is least of the eight shown in the table. Burglary occurs in largest proportion among the crimes of the American-born, forming 2 per cent of their offenses. The Russians are next in rank, 1.5 per cent of their crimes consisting of burglary. Only slightly smaller than the Russian percentage is the Italian, which is 1.4, and the German, which is 1.3. Three nationalities have less than 1 per cent, the Irish, with 0.7 per cent, the French, with 0.6 per cent, and the Scotch, with 0.5 per cent, the latter having the smallest percentage of any of the eight nationalities. Forgery and fraud form very small proportions of the criminality of the several nationalities. Of these proportions the group of English born persons has the largest, or 0.15 per cent. Next in rank is the proportion belonging to the Germans, which is 0.14 per cent. These are the only immigrant groups whose percentages of forgery and fraud are more than the percentage found in the American-born group, which is 0.11. With the exception of the English, German, and American nationalities no group of offenders has as large a pro- portion of these crimes as one-tenth of 1 per cent, while the Irish, whose proportion is smallest of all the nationalities, has only 0.02 per cent. Larceny and receiving stolen property form a larger proportion, 7.4 per cent, of the crimes of American-born offenders than of those of any immigrant group. The English percentage, which is 6.6, is next m rank, while the Russian percentage is only slightly smaller than the English, being 6.4. Two of the immigrant groups have percentages that are less than half that of the American-born. These two groups are the Irish, of whose crimes larceny and receiving stolen property form 3.4 per cent, and the French, of whose total crimes they form 3.3 per cent, or a less proportion than that found in any other group. Robbery, like burglary and larceny and receiving stolen property, occurs in larger proportion among the crimes of Americans than among those of any immigrant nationality group. Of the total number of American cases shown in these records, 0.6 per cent con- sists of robbery. The highest percentage of this offense found in any immigrant group is the Italian, which is 0.4. The percentage of each of the other foreign nationalities, except the Scotch, is half that of the American-born, or 0.3, while the Scotch percentage, which is least of all, is only 0.2, or one-third the American percentage. 94 The Immigration Commission. OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE. The distribution of the several offenses of personal violence among the various nationalities is shown in the following table, together with the proportion which each forms of the total crimes of each national! ty : TABLE 57. — Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses: New York City magistrates1 courts, 1901 to 1908. NUMBER. Country of bkth of offender. All offenses. ^ Offenses of personal violence. Abduc- tion and kidnap- ping. Assault, simple. Assault, violent. Homi- cide. Rape. Total. United States 365,386 145 8,864 3,063 1,738 482 14,292 15,445 8,464 52,193 110,085 67,125 57,323 6,476 3 4 20 6 104 48 345 82 1,402 2,666 1,982 1,218 108 92 37 489 874 2,102 427 40 82 14 257 543 452 164 15 23 2 70 28 233 51 7 545 139 2,238 4,117 4,873 1,908 171 France Germany Ireland " Italy Russia Scotland . .... . Total foreign 402, 772 248 9,720 4,806 1,856 511 .17, 141 Grand total 768,158 393 18,584 7,869 3,594 993 31,433 PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. United States 100.0 0.04 2.4 0.8 0.5 0.13 3.9 England 100.0 .02 2.2 .6 .5 .15 3.5 France . 100.0 .05 1.0 .4 .2 .02 1.6 Germany 100.0 .04 2.7 .9 .5 .13 4.3 Ireland 100.0 (<») 2.4 .8 .5 .03 3.7 Italy 100.0 .15 3.0 3.1 .7 .35 7.3 Russia 100.0 .08 2.1 .7 .3 .09 3.3 Scotland 100.0 .02 1.7 .6 .2 .11 2.6 Total foreign 100.0 .06 2.4 1.2 .5 .13 4.3 Grand total 100.0 .05 2.4 1.0 .5 .13 4.1 a Less than 0.01 per cent. Although only 393 cases of abduction and kidnaping are shown by these records, the relatively large number of them belonging to Italian offenders is striking. One hundred and four of these 393 cases are those of Italians. These 104 cases form 0.15 per cent of all Italian crimes; a very small proportion, but much in excess of that of any other nationality, being nearly twice the Russian percentage, which is 0.08, and three times the French percentage, which is 0.05. These three nationalities, the Italian, Russian, and French, exceed the American in percentage of abduction and kidnaping; the German percentage is the same as the American, which is 0.04; while the English, Irish, and Scotch percentages are less than the American. The smallest proportion of these crimes is found among the Irish, whose six cases of abduction and kidnaping form less than five one- hundredths of 1 per cent of their total crimes. Immigration and Crime. 95 The Italian percentage of simple assault, like that of abduction and kidnaping, is greater than the percentage of any other nationality. Of the total number of Italian crimes, 3 per cent consist of simple assault. Next in rank to the Italian is the German percentage. This is '2.7. These two nationalities are the only ones having larger pro- portions of simple assault than the American, 2.4 per cent of whose criminality is composed of this offense. The Irish percentage is the same as the American, but the English, French, Russian, and Scotch Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence: New York City magistrates' courts, 1901-1908. COUNTRY OF BIRTH 10 ITALY GERMANY UNITED STATES IRELAND ENGLAND RUSSIA SCOTLAND FRANCE percentages are all smaller. Of the crimes of the French, simple assault forms the smallest proportion, 1 per cent. In the classification of crimes employed here, "violent assault" includes only the offenses of felonious assault and maiming. It is therefore a much more serious crime than "simple assault." In the case of every nationality except one violent assault forms less than 1 per cent of the total criminality. This unique nationality is the Italian, of whose total offenses violent assault forms 3.1 per 96 The Immigration Commission. cent. The percentage next in rank, that of the German group, is less than one-third as large, being 0.9. The Italian and German are the only nationalities having larger percentages than the American. of whose total crimes violent assault forms 0.8 per cent. The Irish percentage, however, is the same as the American. The smallest proportion of violent assault is found among the French, only 0.4 per cent of whose crimes consist of this offense. Homicide, also, forms a larger proportion of Italian crimes than of the crimes of any other nationality, 0.7 per cent of the offenses of Italians consisting of homicide. No other nationality has a larger percentage of this crime than the American, although the English. German, and Irish percentages are each the same as the American. The French and Scotch have smaller percentages (each being 0.2) than any other nationalities. These two nationalities and the Russian are the only ones whose proportion of homicide is less than that of the American-born. Rape, like the other offenses of personal violence, appears in largest proportion among the Italians. Of the total number of Italian cases recorded in the city magistrates1 courts, 0.35 per cent are cases of rape. This percentage, small though it appears, is more than twice that of the English (0.15), which stands second in rank. The Italian and English are the onljr nationalities whose percentage of rape exceeds that of the Ajnerican, the latter being 0.13. The German percentage, however, is the same as the American. The relatively small proportion of rape appearing in the criminality of the French is striking. Only two cases of rape, or 0.02 per cent of their total crimes, are attributed to French offenders. OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY. Certain offenses have been selected from the group of "offenses against public policy" for further analysis. These are offenses which occur in relatively large numbers and which are clearly defined enough to make their part in the criminality of the various nationalities of importance. The offenses thus selected are shown in the following table with the proportions which they form of the total crimes of each nationality group of offenders. Immigration and Crime. 97 TABLE 58. — Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses: New York City magistrates' courts, 1901 to 1908. NUMBKK. Country of birth. All offenses. Offenses against public policy. Dis- orderly conduct. Intoxica- tion. Vagran- cy, tru- ancy, and incorripi- bility. Violation of corpo- ration or- dinances. Violation of sani- tary law. Other offenses against public policy. Total. I'nitcd States 365,386 123,809 123,680 17,549 23,976 6,054 15,253 310,321 Kn^luiul 15,446 8,4M 52, 193 110,085 67,125 57,323 6,476 3,650 5,005 14,741 26,330 15, 126 18,888 1,092 7,318 1,308 15,462 60,074 6,303 2,028 3,913 1,002 01 3,262 <;, '.«« 1,071 763 373 757 305 3,869 2,629 26,593 18,498 304 224 127 3,069 1,078 3,681 6,183 90 544 616 4,565 3,341 4,200 3,951 139 13,495 7,596 44,968 100,445 56,974 49,811 5,911 France ( ieriiian v Ireland Italv Russia Scotland Total foreign Grand total. . 402,772 102, 742 110,097 15,680 87, 615 18,277 21,494 355,905 768,158 226,551 233,777 33,229 111,591 24,331 36,747 666,226 PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. United States 100.0 33.9 33.8 4.8 6.6 1.7 4 2 84.9 England 100.0 23.6 47.4 6.5 4.9 1.5 3.5 87.4 I'Yaiicc 100 0 59 1 15 5 2 8 3 6 1 5 7 3 89 7 (iermany 100.0 L'S 1> 29.6 6.2 7.4 5.9 8.7 86.2 Ireland 100 0 23 9 54 6 6 4 2 4 1 0 3 0 91 2 Italv 100.0 22.5 9.4 1.6 39.6 5.5 6.3 84.9 l\ ussia 100.0 32 1 3 5 1 3 32 3 10 8 6 9 86 9 Scotland 100.0 16.9 60.4 5.8 4.7 1.4 2.1 91.3 Total foreign 100.0 25.5 27.3 3.9 21.8 4.5 5.3 88.4 Grand total 100.0 29.5 30.4 4.3 14.5 3.2 4.8 86.7 Of 'these offenses not one forms so large a proportion of American crime as of the criminality of one or more immigrant groups. The largest proportion of disorderly conduct is that of tne French, of whose crimes it forms 59.1 per cent. This is a much larger per- centage than that found in any other group of offenders, for while disorderly conduct composes a good deal more than half of all offenses committed by persons of French birth, it comprises less than one-third of the crimes of each of the other nationalities except the American. Of the crimes of Americans, disorderly conduct forms only 33.9 per cent, or slightly more than one-third of the total. The French is the only immigrant group whose percentage of this offense exceeds the American. The percentages of the other foreign nationalities range from 32.1, which is that of the Russians, to 16.9, which is that of the Scotch. The Russian percentage is thus only slightly less than the American, while the Scotch percentage is only one-half as large as the American. Three of the immigrant groups have larger proportions of intoxica- tion cases than the American born. These three groups are the Scotch, 60.4 per cent of whose crimes consist of intoxication, the Irish, 54.6 per cent of whose crimes are of like character, and the English, of whose total offenses intoxication forms 47.4 per cent. The American percentage is 33.8. The four nationalities enumerated 98 The Immigration Commission. are the only ones more than one-third of whose crimes consist of intoxi- cation; while two of the nationalities shown in the preceding table have less than 10 per cent. These two nationalities are jbhe Italian, with 9.4 per cent, and the Russian, with only 3.5 per cent. One of the most striking things shown by this table is the fact that all of the English-speaking nationalities have larger proportions of intoxication cases than the non-English-speaking. Vagrancy, truancy, and incorrigibility, which are grouped together, form larger proportions of the crimes of the English, Irish, German, and Scotch than of the crimes of Americans. The percentages of these nationalities are, in descending order: English 6. 5 Irish : 6. 4 German 6. 2 Scotch 5. 8 American 4. 8 Relative frequency of intoxication: New York City magistrates' court, 1901-1908. SCOTLAND IRELAND ENGLAND UNITED STATES GERMANY FRANCE ITALY RUSSIA The next percentage in rank is that of the French, being 2.8. This is followed by the Italian, which is 1.6, and the Russian, which is 1.3, or only one-fifth as great as the English percentage and less than one- third the American. Two nationalities stand out prominently in the figures showing violations of corporation ordinances. Nearly two-fifths of all the crimes of Italians and nearly one-third of those of Russians are of this character, the Italian percentage being 39.6 and the Russian per- centage 32.3. The highest proportion of such offenses found among the six remaining nationalities is only 7.4, which is that of the Ger- mans. Next in rank is the percentage of the American-born group, which is 6.6. Three immigrant groups therefore have larger propor- tions of violations of corporation ordinances than the native-born, Immigration and Crime. 99 while four have smaller proportions. These offenses form the smallest percentage of the crimes of the Irish, only 2.4 per cent of whose total offenses belong in this category. The difference in the character of the criminality of different nationalities is strikingly shown, here, the Italian percentage of violations of corporation ordinances being 16^ times the Irish percentage. Unfortunately it is impossible satis- factorily to determine the criminal significance of such offenses; they may consist of so many acts that are not inherently criminal, but are so only because forbidden, that it is impossible to tell when they spring from ignorance and when from willful disregard of authority. Another offense which possibly springs from the same causes as the violation of corporation ordinances, and yet which is of great impor- tance to the immediate welfare of the community, is the violation of the sanitary laws. While not necessarily criminal in nature, such Relative frequency of violation of corporation ordinances: New York Citymagistrates' courts, 1901-1908. ITALY RUSSIA GERMANY UNITED STATES ENGLAND SCOTLAND FRANCE IRELAND violations are distinctly injurious to society, in that they may jeop- ardize the public health. Three foreign nationalities prove to be rel- atively more frequent violators of the sanitary laws than the American— the Russian, of whose total offenses these form 10.8 per cent, the Ger- mans, 5.9 per cent of whose total offenses are of this nature, and the Italian, whose percentage of these offenses is 5.5. Each of these per- centages is much in excess of the American, which is only 1.7. It is noteworthy that these three immigrant groups are the three whose proportions of violations of corporation ordinances are greater than the American. It is also notable that the nationality having the smallest percentage of violations of corporation ordinances likewise has the smallest percentage of violations of the sanitary laws. This nationality is the Irish. 100 The Immigration Commission. OFFENSES AGAINST CHASTITY. An examination of the various offenses "against chastity" reveals the fact that those connected with disorderly houses are the most common. While it is possible for a person keeping an office for th>e sale of pas- sage tickets on vessels and railroads in violation of the provisions governing such sale to be convicted of keeping a ' 'disorderly house," ° such convictions (or arrests for such offenses) are not frequent in New York City, and a "disorderly house" usually means a house of ill- fame or assignation, or a place for persons to visit for unlawful sexual intercourse, or a "stale-beer dive," b and the great majority of "disorderly house" cases coming before the New York criminal courts are connected with the keeping, residence in, or use of, such places. The number of cases where prosecution is brought for keeping an office for unlawfully dealing in passage tickets under the charge of keeping a "disorderly house" is so very slight in com- parison with those where the "disorderly house" is one which is made to serve the ends of prostitution that it is negligible, and no hesitancy has been had in placing all cases of "disorderly house" under the heading of offenses against chastity and considering them ' 'crimes of prostitution. " TABLE 59. — Offenses against chastity compared with all offenses: New York City magis- trates'1 courts, 1901 to 1908. NUMBER. Country of birth. All offenses. Offenses against chastity. Dis- orderly house cases. All other. Total. United States 365,386 1,356 710 2,OG6 England 15, 445 8,464 52, 193 110,085 67, 125 57,323 6,476 48 304 472 98 354 389 9 30 44 159 68 188 121 9 78 348 631 1« 542 51C 18 France Germany Ireland Italy Russia . . . Scotland Total foreign 402, 772 2,15fi 824 2,980 Grand total . .... 768,158 3, 512 1,534 5. 046 PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. United States 100.0 0.4 0.2 0.6 England 100 0 .3 o France 100.0 3.6 .5 4.1 Germany ... 100.0 .9 .3 1.2 Ireland 100 0 .1 06 2 Italy 100.0 .5 .3 .8 Russia 100.0 .7 .2 .9 Scotland 100.0 .1 .1 .3 Total foreign 100 0 .5 .2 7 Grand total. 100.0 .5 .2 .7 oNew York Penal Code, section 621. fc New York Penal Code, section 322. Immigration and Crime. 101 One nationality, the French, stands out in these figures as remark- ably unlike all others. Not only has no other group of offenders so large a proportion of disorderly house cases as the French, but the percentage of such cases most nearly approaching the French is only one-fourth as large. This nationality standing second in rank is the German, whose disorderly house cases compose only 0.9 per cent of its total cases; of the crimes of the French, 3.6 per cent are of this character. In addition to the French and German, there are two nationalities having larger percentages of these crimes than the American group: The Russian, with 0.7 per cent, and the Italian, with 0.5 per cent; the American percentage being 0.4. Tae smallest four percentages appearing in this table are therefore those of the four English-speaking nationalities: The American, English, Irish, and Scotch, the latter two of which have each only one-tenth of 1 per cent of their crimes consisting of disorderly house cases. SUMMARY. The results of this analysis may best be summarized by presenting a rearrangement of the tables upon which it is based, so that the nation- alities appear in descending order of their proportions of each crime and class of crime. Although the gainful offenses as a whole are more in evidence among the crimes of Americans, as shown in these records, than among the crimes of any immigrant nationality, there are four nationalities which have larger percentages than the American of individual gainful offenses. In the following summary table these stand out clearly: TABLE 60. — Relative frequency of gainful offenses: New York City magistrates' courts, 1901 to 1908. Country of birth. Per cent. Country of birth. Per cent. A 11 gainful offenses. Un ited States Russia E ngland Germany 10.1 8.3 8.1 7.7 Forgery and fraud. England Germany United States Scotland 0.15 .14 .11 .09 Italy Scotland Ireland France Blackmail and extortion Italy 6.4 5.5 4.4 4.3 0.17 France . . . Italy Ireland Larceny and receiving stolen property. United States .OS/ .03 .02 7 4 France 08 England 6 6 England .08 Russia 6.4 United States. .03 Germany 6 0 'Ii'rmany .02 Scotland 4 7 Russia .02 Italy 4 4 Scotland .02 Ireland 3.4 Ireland .02 France 3 3 Burglary. United States 2 0 Robbery. United States 0 6 Russia 1.5 Italy 4 Germany 1.3 England . . .3 Italy 1 4 3 E ngland ' 1.0 Germany 3 Ireland .7 Ireland .3 France .6 Russia .3 Scotland .5 Scotland 2 102 The Immigration Commission. This table shows that while burglary, larceny and receiving stolen property, and robbery are more common among the crimes of Americans than among those of immigrants, blackmail and extortion and forgery and fraud occurred in greater proportion among the offenses of certain immigrant nationalities. Of blackmail and extor- tion, the Italian, French, and English immigrant offenders have larger percentages than the American, and of forgery and fraud, the English and German. Five of the seven immigrant groups exceed the American in per- centage of one or more of the offenses of personal violence. TABLE 61. — Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence: New York City magis- trates' courts, 1901 to 1908. Country of birth. Per cent. Country of birth. Per cent All offenses of personal violence. Italy Germany United States Ireland 7.3 4.3 3.9 3.7 Violent assault. Italy Germany United States Ireland 3.1 .9 .8 .8 England Russia Scotland France Abduction and kidnaping. Italy 3.5 3.3 2.6 1.6 0.15 England Scotland France Homicide. Italy United States .6 .6 .4 0.7 5 Russia France United States Germany .08 .05 .04 .04 England Germany Ireland Russia .5 .5 .5 .3 England Scotland Ireland Simple assault. Italy .02 .02 («) 3.0 France Scotland Rape. Italy England .... .2 .2 0.35 .15 Germany United States 2.7 2.4 United States Germany .13 .13 England Russia 2.2 2.1 Scotland Russia , .11 .09 .03 Scotland France 1.7 1.0 France .02 « Less than 0.01 per cent. Moreover, as is shown by the above table, the American offenders have a smaller percentage of every offense of personal violence than some group of immigrant offenders. The five immigrant groups which exceed the American in percentage of one or more offenses are the English, French, German, Italian, and Russian. Of these the Italian exceeds not only the American, but all other nationalities in percentage of every offense of personal violence. Of some one or more offenses against public policy every immigrant group has a larger percentage than the American. Of these offenses in the aggregate every nationality except the Italian exceeds the American in percentage. These facts are shown in detail in the table next submitted. Immigration and Crime. 103 TABLE 62. — Relative frequency of offenses against public policy: New York City magis- trates* courts, 1901 to 1908. Country of birth. Per cent. Country of birth. Per cent. All offenses against public policy. Scotland 91.3 91.2 89.7 87.4 86.9 86.2 84.9 84.9 59.1 33.9 32.1 28.2 23.9 23.6 22.5 16.9 60.4 54.6 47.4 33.8 29.6 15.5 9.4 3.5 Vagrancy, truancy, and incorrigibility. England 6.5 6.4 6.2 5.8 4.8 2.8 1.6 1.3 39.6 32.3 7.4 6.6 4.9 4.7 3.6 2.4 10.8 5.9 5.5 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.0 Ireland Ireland France England Scotland Russia United States Germany France United States... Italy Italy Disorderly conduct. France United States Russia Germany Ireland Violation of corporation ordinances. Italy Russia Germany United States England Italy Scotland Intoxication. Scotland England Scotland France Ireland Violation of sanitary laws. Ireland England Germany United States Germany United States France Italy France Russia Ireland Offenses against chastity in the aggregate and the special offenses connected with disorderly houses are shown by Table 63 to have been more prevalent among the crimes of offenders of French, Ger- man, Russian, and Italian birth than among those of offenders born in the United States. Among the crimes of English, Irish, and Scotch offenders, however, they were less prevalent. TABLE 63.— Relative frequency of offenses against chastity: New York City magistrates' courts, 1901 to 1908. Country of birth. Per cent. Country of birth. Per cent All offenses against chastity. Disorderly house. France 3.6 Germany 1.2 Germany .9 Russia Italv .9 Italy .5 United States England .6 .5 United States England Trplanr! .4 .3 Scotland Ireland .3 .2 Scotland .1 .1 THE GREEKS IN MANHATTAN AND THE BRONX. In addition to the nationalities shown in the foregoing tables there is one which appears only in the reports of the first division of the city magistrates' courts. This is the Greek. Its absence from the list of nationalities shown by the reports of the second division of the city magistrates' courts makes its inclusion hi the tables already analyzed impossible, but the large number of cases accredited to it in the reports 104 The Immigration Commission. of the first division makes it worth while briefly to examine the character of its criminality. The first division of the city magistrates' courts includes all such courts in the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx. During the eight years from 1901 to 1908, inclusive, there came before these courts 26,431 criminal cases in which the defendant was of Greek birth. a These cases are shown by principal offenses in the following table: TABLE 64. — Persons born in Greece held for trial or committed to reformatory or other institution, city magistrates' courts, Manhattan and the Bronx, January 1, 1901, to December 31, 1908, by offense. Offense. Number. Offense. Number. Offenses against chastity 15 Offenses against public policy: Blackmail and extortion 2 Disorderly conduct 2,110 Burglary 23 Intoxication 180 Forgery Offenses of dishonesty.. 103 22 erty.. 173 Violation corporation ordinances ' 22, 649 Malicious mischief 5 Violation sanitary law 610 Allother 160 Total 205 Total 25,834 Total denned offenses 26, 322 Offenses against the person: Assault (felony). 69 Offenses not defined Grand total 109 2(5 4^1 Assault (misdemeanor) 157 Cruelty to children. 4 Homicide 7 Rape 6 Robbery 25 Total 268 Excluding the 109 cases in which the offense was insufficiently defined, a reclassification of the crimes results as follows: TABLE 65. — Distribution of crimes of Greeks, city magistrates'1 courts, Manhattan and the Bronx, 1901 to 1908. Offenses. Number of cases. Per cent of total. Gainful offenses 295 0 9 Offenses of personal violence 239 9 Offenses against public policy 25 834 98 1 Offenses against chastity 15 1 Unclassified ... . . 9 (a) Total ">6 3°2 100 0 a Less than 0.05 per cent. The large proportion of offenses against public policy is striking. Such offenses constitute 98.1 per cent of the total number of crimes. In Table 55 it was shown that offenses against public policy com- pose only 86.7 per cent of the total specific crimes recorded "by the city magistrates' courts of all five boroughs of Greater New York, and that the largest proportion of such offenses found among the a Only those cases in which the defendant was committed to a penal institution or held for further trial are included. Immigration and Crime. 105 crimes of any nationality was 91.3 per cent. While the criminality of the Greeks in Manhattan and the Bronx can not properly be com- pared with that of the nationalities whose crimes in all boroughs of Greater New York are analyzed in the preceding pages, the large pro- portion of Greek offenses against public policy snown by the figures is none the less notable. Inquiry into the parts played in Greek criminality by various specific offenses brings out the fact that 96.3 per cent of the 26,322 cases shown above consist of only three sorts of crime, namely: Per cent. 1. Violation of corporation ordinances 86. 0 2. Disorderly conduct 8. 0 3. Violation of sanitary laws 2. 3 96.3 No other offense composes so much as 1 per cent of the total criminality. The most striking thing revealed by these figures is that? 86 per cent of Greek crimes consisted of violations of corporation ordinances. This becomes more remarkable when reference is made to Table 58, in which is shown the proportion which such offenses form of the total crimes of each nationality recorded in the courts of all boroughs of the city. This shows the largest proportion to be 39.6 per cent (that of the Italians). This is less than half the Greek percentage for Manhattan and the Bronx given above. 2. NEW YORK CITY COURT OF GENERAL SESSIONS. In order to obtain some statistics of crime which would clearly show the race of offenders, arrangements were made for the attendance at the New York court of general sessions of an agent of the Commission, whose business it was to learn the race of each person convicted, as well as his nativity. Race was thus made a part of the record of each case in which conviction was secured. For a period of nine months — from October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909 — this work was carried on. During this period there were 2,262 convictions in the court of general sessions. In 22 of these the offense was insufficiently defined in the reports to permit of classification. The remaining 2,240 cases have been classified as follows: Offenses. Number of con- victions. Per cent of total. Gainful offenses 1.659 74.1 Offenses of personal violence 357 15.9 O (Tenses against public policy ... . ... 172 7.7 Offenses against chastity 14 .6 U ueia,ssiQed offenses 38 1.7 Total 2,240 100.0 : In all but 34 of these 2,240 cases the fact of native or foreign birth was discovered, and in all but 71 the race or parentage of the con- victed person was learned. In these statistics three general divisions 79340°— VOL 36 — 11 8 106 The Immigration Commission. of convicted persons are made from the standpoint of nativity and parentage: (1) Native-born of native father; (2) native-born of for- eign father; (3) foreign-born. The native-born of native father are classified as white, negro, and Indian. The native-born of foreign- father are grouped according to the race of the father. The foreign- born are separated into races. It thus becomes possible to compare not only natives with immi- grants, but also the children of natives (native-born of native father) with the American-born children of immigrants (native-born of for- eign father) . It is likewise possible (and this has an important bear- ing upon the question of the assimilation of the immigrant races) to observe the difference in criminality between race groups of immi- grants and native-born persons of corresponding immigrant parentage. In 34 cases of clearly defined offenses the nativity of the offender is not reported. This reduces the number of cases to which analysis must be confined to 2,206. Many of the race groups of the foreign-born and the descent groups of the native-born are represented in these statistics by so few cases that any attempt to compare them with the more numerous groups would be fruitless. Therefore divisions of race or parentage having less than 20 convictions have been discarded from the list of race and parentage groups employed in the percentage tables, although retained in the nativity totals of these tables. This leaves, however, in addition to the native white and negro of native parentage, foreign- born English, German, Hebrew, Irish, and Italian race groups, and American-born groups of corresponding parentage. Among the several nativity, parentage, and race groups, convic- tions for known crimes are distributed as follows : Native-born of native father: White 418 Negro 213 Indian 1 Total 632 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English 29 German 112 Hebrew 96 Irish . 300 Italian 82 Others 48 Race of father not reported 27 Total 694 Foreign -born, by race: English 39 German 125 Hebrew 247 Irish 86 Italian 235 Other races 139 Race not reported 9 Total 880 Nativity not reported Grandtotal.., 2,240 Immigration and Crime. 107 In Chapter VII comparison has already been made of the five immi- grant races and the corresponding second generations or groups of American-born children of immigrants. Beyond a restatement of its general results, no repetition of this comparison need be made here. The only material added to that upon which such comparison was based consists of the figures for the American negro group of native parentage and the total figures for the general nativity and parentage divisions. The analysis made of this material in the following pages is, however, of a different nature. In Chapter VII the object of inquiry was the relation of second generation crime to the crime of immigrants and American-born children of native parents. In the present chapter attention is chiefly confined to the differences in the criminality of immigrant races and the native-born of native par- entage. In the former the second-generation groups were the points of focus; in the latter the native white group of native parentage is the most important group. CLASSES OF CRIME. The distribution of the four definite classes of crime among these nativity, parentage, and race groups is shown in the following table; TABLE 66. — Distribution of classes of crime: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909. NUMBER. General nativity and race. Total. Gainful offenses. Offenses of per- sonal violence. Offenses against public policy. Offenses against chastity. Unclassi- fied offenses. Native-born of native father: White 418 333 41 37 3 4 Negro 213 149 51 11 2 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English 29 23 4 2 German. 112 96 10 4 2 Hebrew 96 86 5 4 1 Irish 300 234 37 18 2 9 Italian 82 59 14 8 1 Foreign-born: English 39 33 1 2 3 German 125 94 13 12 1 5 Hebrew 247 210 21 12 1 3 Irish . .. 86 52 25 3 6 Italian 235 103 88 40 4 Grand total 2,206 1,632 353 171 14 36 Native-born of foreign father ... 694 560 78 41 4 11 Total native-born 1 326 o l 043 170 89 9 15 Foreign-born . . 880 589 183 82 5 21 Includes 1 Indian. 108 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 66. — Distribution of classes of crime: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909— Continued. PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. General nativity and race. Total. Gainful offenses. Offenses of per- sonal violence. Offenses against public policy. Offenses against chastity. Unclassi- fied offenses. Native-born of native father: White 100 0 79 7 9 8 8 9 0 7 Negro 100.0 70.0 23.9 5.2 .9 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: 1 English 100 0 79 3 13 8 6 9 German 100.0 85.7 8 9 3 6 Hebrew 100 0 89 6 5 2 4 2 1 0 Irish 100.0 78.0 12.3 6.0 .7 Italian ... 100.0 72.0 17 1 9 8 1 2 Foreign-born: English 100.0 84.6 2.6 5 1 7 7 German. 100.0 75 2 10 4 9 5 8 Hebrew 100 0 85 0 8 5 4 9 4 Irish 100.0 60.5 29 1 3 5 Italian . 100 0 43 8 37 4 17 0 Grand total 100.0 74 0 16 0 7 8 6 Native-born of foreign father 100.0 80.7 11.2 5.9 6 Total native-born 100 0 o 78 7 12 8 6 7 7 Foreign-born 100.0 66.9 20.8 9.3 .6 o Includes 1 Indian. It is shown by these figures that each class of crime forms a larger proportion of the total crimes of some immigrant race than of those of native white persons of native parentage. Convictions for the gainful offenses occur in larger proportion in two of the immigrant groups than in the native white group of native father. These two immigrant races are the Hebrew and the English. Of the crimes of the former the gainful offenses compose 85 per cent ; of those of the latter, 84.6 per cent. Of the crimes of American whites of native father they compose 79.7 per cent. There are, however, two other groups of persons having larger proportions than the American whites of native father. These are American-born per- sons of Hebrew and German parentage. In each of these groups- the proportion of convictions of gainful offenses is not only greater than in the native white group of native parentage, but greater than in any race group of immigrants. The largest proportion found in any group occurs in the group consisting of American-born persons of Hebrew parentage, which is 89.6 per cent, or almost nine-tenths of the total crimes of that group. The second proportion in rank is that of the American-born of German parentage, or 85.7 per cent. Further than this, it is striking that each group of American-born persons of immigrant parentage, except that of English parentage, exceeds the corresponding race group of immigrants in proportion of convictions of gainful offenses. Of the several groups shown in the foregoing table only one has less than half its crimes consisting of the gainful offenses. The Italian immigrant group is this exception; its proportion of these offenses is 43.8 per cent, or less than half that of the American-born group of Hebrew parentage, whose proportion is greatest of all groups. The Italian proportion, however, of offenses of personal violence is greater than that of any other group, 37.4 per cent of all convic- Immigration and Crime. 109 tions of Italians being of these offenses. The proportion of the Irish immigrant group is second in rank, or 29.1 per cent. The third is that of the German immigrant group, or 10.4 per cent. In addition to these three groups, the American-born of English, Irish, and Italian parentage exceed the American-born of native parentage in proportion of offenses of personal violence. Each of these three American-born groups of foreign parentage, however, is exceeded in proportion by the Irish and Italian immigrant groups. The American negro group of native parentage, having a proportion of 23.9 per cent, exceeds all other groups of American birth and the English, German, and Hebrew foreign groups. The smallest proportion is that of the foreign-born English, which is 2.6 per cent. In comparing immigrant and native groups with respect to offenses of personal violence, it is of interest to note that each immigrant race, except the English, has a larger proportion than the American-born group of corresponding parentage. It is also striking that the largest proportion found in the foreign-born groups is that of the Italians, while the largest proportion occurring in the native-born groups is that of the children of Italians. Offenses against public policy play a larger part in the criminality of only two of the five immigrant groups (the German and Italian) than in that of native whites of native parentage. Of the five Ameri- can-born groups of immigrant parentage, that of Italian parentage is the only one having a larger proportion than the American whites of native father. The largest proportion is that of the foreign-born Italians, which is 17 per cent, while the second in rank belongs to the American-born of Italian parentage, being 9.8 per cent. The per- centage of the foreign-born Germans (9.6) is third in rank, and that of the native-born of native father, which is 8.9, is fourth. The American-born negroes of native father are exceeded in percentage of offenses against public policy by six groups — the native-born of native father, the native-born of English, Irish, and Italian father, and the foreign-born Germans and Italians, wiiile the percentage of the foreign English equals that of the American negroes of native parentage. The foreign-born Irish have the smallest proportion found in any group, 3.5 per cent, although that of the American-born of German parentage is only slightly greater, being 3.6 per cent. Only 14 convictions of offenses against chastity appear in these records. American-born persons of English and German parentage and foreign-born persons of the Irish and Italian races have no convictions of this character. By far the largest proportion of them found in any of the other groups is that occurring in the group of foreign-born English, whose three convictions of offenses against chastity compose 7.7 per cent of the total conviction of the group. The second proportion in rank is that of the American born of Italian father, or 1.2 per cent, while the third is found in the group of Ameri- can born of Hebrew father, or 1 per cent. In addition to those groups having no convictions of offenses against chastity the foreign Hebrew is the only one having a smaller proportion than the American whites of native parentage, although the second generation Irish have no larger proportion, both of these latter two being 0.7 per cent. As was pointed out in Chapter VII, second generation crime tends to swing away from immigrant crime in its character and take the 110 The Immigration Commission. direction followed by the criminality of the American-born of non- immigram parentage. Thus, in the foregoing table it will be observed that each second generation group has of each of the four classes of crime subjected to analysis a percentage which differs from the per- centage found in the corresponding immigrant group, and that this difference is in each second generation group, except the Hebrew, in the direction of the percentage of the American white group of native parentage. Other exceptions than the Hebrew second generation will be found when this method of comparison is applied to the various crimes composing the four general classes of crime, and it will be observed that the Hebrew second generation in some offenses differs from the Hebrew immigrant group in the direction of the native white of native father. As detailed comparison of the immigrant and second gener- ation groups appearing in the records of the New York court of general sessions lias been made in Chapter VII, no further reference to it need be made in the following pages. Examination may now be made of various specific crimes included in these Grime groups. Offenses against chastity are found in such small numbers (only 14 cases being recorded) that this examination must be confined to the other three groups alone. GAINFUL OFFENSES. Conviction of the several gainful offenses, which together comprise over three-fourths of the total numbers of convictions, are distributed among the nativity, parentage, and race groups as follows : TABLE 67. — Gainful offenses compared with all offenses: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June SO, 1909. NUMBER. General nativity and race. All offenses. Gainful offenses. Burglary. Extor- tion. Forgery and fraud. Larceny and receiving stolen property. Robbery. Total Native-born of native father: White 418 213 29 112 96 300 82 39 125 247 86 235 85 54 6 27 22 78 32 3 27 66 8 28 1 22 3 1 4 8 4 215 87 16 65 55 149 26 29 57 126 41 56 10 5 333 149 23 96 86 234 59 33 94 210 52 103 Negro..... Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English.. German 1 3 1 Irish Italian Foreign-born: English 1 10 15 Hebrew.. . . 1 2 3 5 Irish Italian.. 10 4 Grand total 2,206 468 13 79 1,040 32 1,632 Total native-born. . 1.326 694 880 322 182 146 2 1 11 46 21 33 652 350 388 21 6 11 ol,043 560 589 Native-born of foreign father Foreign-born .... a Includes 1 Indian. Immigration and Crime. Ill TABLE 67. — Gainful offenses compared with all offenses: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908 to June 30, 1909 — Continued. PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. General nativity and race. AH offenses. Gainful offenses. Burglary. Extor- tion. Forgery and fraud. Larceny and receiving stolen property. Robbery. Total. Native-born of native father: White.. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 0 20.3 25.4 20.7 24.1 22.9 26.0 39.0 7.7 21.6 26.7 9.3 11.9 0.2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .4 .0 4.3 5.3 1.4 3.4 3.6 8.3 1.3 .0 2.6 8.0 6.1 .0 1.7 51.4 40.8 55.2 58.0 57.3 49.7 31.7 74.4 45.6 51.0 47.7 23.8 2.4 2.3 .0 .0 1.0 1.0 1.2 .0 .0 .8 3.5 2.1 79.7 70.0 79.3 85.7 89.6 78.0 72.0 846 75.2 85.0 60.5 43.8 Negro.. Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English ftfirrnan , . Hebrew Irish.. . Italian . Foreign-born: English.. . . German Hebrew Irish Italian Grand total 100.0 21.2 .6 3.6 47.1 1.5 74.0 Native-born of foreign father 100.0 100.0 100.0 26.2 24.3 16.6 .1 .2 1.3 3.0 3.5 3.8 50.4 49.2 44.1 .9 1.6 1.3 80.7 a78.7 66.9 Total native-born Foreign-born a Includes 1 Indian. While all pf the groups of American-born persons of immigrant parentage exceed the native white of native parentage in proportion of burglary convictions, only two of the immigrant groups — the Hebrew and German — have larger percentages. The Italian second generation has the largest proportion — 39 per cent. The next in rank is that of the foreign-born Hebrews, 26.7 per cent, although the Irish second generation has almost as large a percentage (26). In the immigrant English group the smallest proportion appears — 7.7 per cent. This group and the immigrant Irish are the only ones having less than 10 per cent of their crimes composed of burglary, the pro- portion of the latter group being 9.3 per cent. Although every American-born group of immigrant parentage and two of the five foreign-born groups exceed the American white of native father in proportion of burglary, only two of the former groups and one of the latter thus exceed the American negro of native parentage. These groups are the Irish and Italian second generation and the foreign-born Hebrew. Only 13 cases of extortion appear in these records. Of these, 2 are found among the convictions of the American-born, 1 being that of a white person of native parentage and the other the case of a person of foreign parentage, but of unknown race. Among the foreign groups 11 cases are found; 1 is that of a Hebrew and 10 are cases of Italians. It is striking that out of a total of 13 convictions 11 should be those of immigrants and that in 10 of these the convicted person should be an Italian. Forgery and fraud are crimes for w^hich 79 convictions are found; 46 of natives and 33 of immigrants. Of the 46 natives convicted, 22 are whites of native father and 8 are persons of Hebrew parentage. 112 The Immigration Commission. The 22 convictions of native whites of native father form 5.3 per cent of the total convictions of that group. The 8 Hebrew second genera- tion cases compose 8.3 per cent of the total number belonging to that group. Thus, of the native-born, the group of Hebrew parentage has the largest proportion of convictions of forgery and fraud. A further examination of the figures shows that no immigrant group has so large a proportion, the greatest being that of the Germans, which is 8 per cent. Two of the immigrant groups, however, exceed the native whites of native father in percentage — the German and the Hebrew, the latter having 6.1 per cent. These two groups and the Hebrew second generation are the only ones having larger proportions than the white American group of native parentage. Among two groups no convictions of forgery and fraud are found — the Italian second generation and the foreign-born Irish. Of the remaining groups all except the Irish second generation have larger proportions than the American negro of native father, 1.4 per cent of whose convictions are of these crimes. The crimes of larceny and receiving stolen property compose 51.4 per cent of all offenses of which native white persons of native parent- age were convicted. Four groups of offenders have larger proportions of these crimes. But of these four groups only one is composed of persons of foreign origin — the English. The other three consist of American-born persons of English, Hebrew, and German parentage. The English immigrant group has by far the largest proportion; almost three-fourths (74.4 per cent) of the total number of English convictions were convictions of larceny and receiving stolen property. In no other group do such convictions form more than 58 per cent of the .total number, this being the proportion found in the German immigrant group. The third proportion in rank is that of the Eng- lish second generation, which is 55.2 per cent, or less than two- thirds the proportion of the immigrant English. In sharp contrast to their large proportions of the crimes of all other groups of persons is the relatively small proportion of larceny and receiving stolen property found in the group of Italian immi- grants. They form only 23.8 per cent of the total crimes of this group, or less than one- third the English percentage, less than one- half the percentage of the Hebrew, white American of native parent- age, and Irish groups, and less than one-half the percentages found in all second generation groups except the Italian. These crimes are even considerably less common among the offenses of the immigrant Italians than among those of the American-born children of immi- grant Italians, composing 23.8 per cent of the former and 31.7 per cent of the latter. Of the groups of American birth, however, the Italian second generation has the smallest proportion, and of all groups only the foreign-born Italian has a smaller proportion. The place of the American negro group with respect to larceny and receiving stolen property is interesting. Of the 1 1 other groups only 2 have smaller proportions of these crimes — the Italian immigrant and second-generation groups. Of the 32 convictions of robbery 21 are found among the native- born, 10 of them appearing in the white group of native father and forming 2.4 per cent of the total convictions of that group. Among the foreign-born 11 convictions appear. While 5 of these are of Italians and 3 of Irish, the proportion of the latter group is greater, Immigration and Crime. 113 being 3.5 per cent as compared with 2.1 per cent of the former. No group other than the three just enumerated having a larger propor- tion than 1.2 per cent, the percentage of the immigrant Irish exceeds all others, while it alone is greater than that of the American white group of native parentage. The American negro group, of native parentage, like the American white of native parentage, nas a larger proportion than any immigrant group except the Irish and a larger proportion than any of the native groups composed of children of immigrants. The English and German immigrant and second genera- tion groups have no convictions of robbery. OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE. Of the 2,206 convictions for known offenses of persons reporting nativity, 353, or 16 per cent, were for offenses of personal violence. These convictions are shown by crime, nativity, parentage, and race in the following table: $. — Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909. TABLE NUMBER. General nativity and race. All of- fenses. Offenses of personal violence. Abduc- tion and kid- naping. Assault. Homi- cide. Rape. Total. Native-born of native father: White 418 213 29 112 96 300 12 39 125 247 86 235 3 33 44 1 6 4 33 10 2 6 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 41 51 4 10 5 37 14 1 13 21 25 88 Negro. . . .... Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English "'2 German Hebrew Irish 3 1 1 3 1 2 11 Italian 2 Foreign-born: English German 10 15 22 64 Hebrew. 1 1 1 4 ""ii" Irish Italian . Grand total 2,206 12 276 38 27 353 Native-born of foreign father 694 1,326 880 5 8 4 60 137 139 6 14 24 7 11 16 78 170 183 Total native-born . . Foreign-born PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. Native-born of native father: White 100.0 0.7 7.9 0.5 0 7 9 8 Negro 100.0 .0 20 7 2 8 5 23 9 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English 100.0 .0 3 4 3 4 6 9 13 8 G erman 100 0 1 8 5 4 9 g 8 9 Hebrew 100.0 .0 4 2 0 1 0 5 2 Irish . . 100.0 o 11 0 1 0 3 12 3 Italian 100.0 2.4 12.2 1.2 1 2 17 1 Foreign- born: English ... 100.0 .0 .0 2 6 .0 2 6 German 100.0 .0 8.0 2.4 .0 10.4 Hebrew... 100.0 .4 6.1 .4 1 6 8 5 Irish 100.0 1.2 25.6 2.3 .0 29.1 Italian 100.0 .4 27.2 4.7 5.1 37 4 Grand total 100 0 5 12 5 1 7 1 2 16 0 Native-born of foreign father . . 100.0 .7 8.6 g 1 0 11 2 Total native-born 100 0 6 10 3 1 i .g 12 8 Foreign-born 100 0 5 15 8 2 7 1 8 20 8 114 The Immigration Commission. Both the American white and negro groups of native parentage are exceeded in proportion of convictions of each of these crimes by some immigrant group. Only six of the twelve groups have any convictions of abduction. Of these the American-born of Italian father has the largest propor- tion, 2.4 per cent. The American-born of German father stands second with 1.8 per cent, and the foreign-born Irish third, with 1.2 per cent. These are the only groups exceeding the native white group of native parentage in proportion, the latter group having 0.7 per cent. The crime of assault is that offense of personal violence of which the greatest number of persons were convicted, 276 having been adjudged guilty of this crime. Three immigrant groups and two native groups of immigrant parentage have larger proportions of such convictions than the native white of native rather. The immi- grant groups are the Italian, 27.2 per cent; Irish, 25.6 per cent; Ger- man, 8 per cent. The second generation groups are the Italian, 12.2 per cent; Irish, 11 per cent. The American negro group of native parentage also exceeds the American white of native parentage in percentage of convictions of assault, the former having 20.7 per cent and the latter 7.9 per cent. Thus, while three immigrant and two second generation groups have larger proportions than the American white of native father, only two of these (the immigrant Italian and the immigrant Irish) exceeci the American negro in proportion. But one group of offenders has no convictions of assault. This is the immigrant English, which is also without convictions of abduc- tion or rape, homicide being the only offense of personal violence found in its list of crimes. Convictions of homicide, like those of assault, are found in largest proportion in the immigrant Italian group. Of the total convictions of this group, 4.7 per cent were for homicide. Four of the five immi- grant groups and four of the five second generation groups have larger proportions of homicide convictions than the American white of native father. The immigrant groups are these: Italian, 4.7 per cent; English, 2.6 per cent; German, 2.4 per cent; Irish, 2.3 per cent. The second generation groups are these: English, 3.4 per cent; Italian, 1.2 per cent; Irish, 1 per cent; German, 0.9 per cent. The proportion found in the American white group of native parentage is 0.5 per cent. As 2.8 per cent of the convictions of American negroes of native parentage are convictions of homicide, the only groups in whose criminality this offense plays a smaller part than it does in that of the native white group of native parentage are the Hebrew immigrant and second generation groups. In the Hebrew immigrant group only 1 conviction of homicide is found, forming 0.4 per cent of the total convictions for all crimes. In the Hebrew second generation group no convictions of homicide occur. This latter group is the only one in whose criminality homicide does not appear. While the native whites of native father are thus exceeded in pro- portion of homicide convictions by eight groups of foreign birth or parentage, the American negroes of native father are exceeded in Immigration and Crime. 115 proportion of such convictions only by the immigrant Italian group ana the English second generation. The foreign-born of the English, German, and Irish races have no convictions of the crime of rape. Of the remaining groups, each of which has one or more such convictions, the Irish second generation and the American negro of native father are the only ones whose percentages of these convictions are less than the percentage found m the native white group of native parentage. Of the total convic- tions of the latter group those of rape form 0.7 per cent; the American negro percentage is 0.5, and the Irish second generation 0.3. The largest proportion is found in the English second generation group, whose 2 convictions of rape form 6.9 per cent of its total number, Next in rank is the proportion of the immigrant Italian group, 5.1 per cent. With these two exceptions rape does not form more than 1.6 per cent of the total crime of any group, the latter percentage being that of the immigrant Hebrews. OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY. Of the crimes grouped under the caption of " Offenses against public policy" but two divisions appear in numbers sufficiently large to attract attention. These are " gaming" or crimes connected with gambling, and " crimes against public health and safety." The distribution of convictions of these offenses among the various nativity, parentage, and race groups is shown in the following table: TABLE 69. — Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses: New York court oj general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June SO, 1909. NUMBER. General nativity and race. All offenses. Offenses against public policy. Gaming. Crimes against public health and safety. All other. Total. Native-born of native father: White. 418 213 29 112 96 300 82 39 125 247 86 235 15 2 18 8 2 2 1 9 3 4 1 37 11 2 4 4 18 8 2 12 12 3 40 Negro Native-bora of foreign father, by race of father: English 2 3 8 3 1 9 7 1 11 Hebrew Irish 1 2 1 2 2 1 Italian Foreign-born: English German . ... 1 3 1 29 Hebrew Irish Italian .... Grand total 2,206 65 85 21 171 694 1,326 880 17 34 31 18 44 41 6 11 10 41 89 82 Total native-bora Foreign-born .... ... 116 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 69. — Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909 — Continued. PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. General nativity and race. All offenses. Offenses against public policy. Gaming. Crimes against public health and safety. All other. Total. Native-born of native father: White 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3.6 .9 .0 1.8 3.1 2.7 3.7 2.6 7.2 2.8 1.2 4.7 4.3 3.8 6.9 1.8 1.0 3.0 3.7 .0 .8 1.2 1.2 12.3 8.9 5.2 6.9 3.6 4.2 6.0 9.8 5.1 9.6 4.9 3.5 17.0 Negro . . . Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English German Hebrew Irish Italian Foreign-born: English German Hebrew Irish Italian Grand lota) 100.0 2.9 3.9 7.8 Native-born of foreign father 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.4 2.6 3.5 2.6 3.3 4.7 5.9 6.7 9.3 Total native-born Foreign-born Each of these forms a larger proportion of the total crimes of some immigrant group than of those of American whites of native parentage. Gaming includes the offenses of gambling and of possessing policy slips. The immigrant German and Italian races have larger pro- portions of convictions of these crimes than the native whites of native father, the German percentage being 7.2, the Italian 4.7, and the native white of native father 3.6. The largest proportion found in the immigrant groups is that of the Germans (7.2 per cent); the largest appearing in the second-generation groups is that of the American- born children of Italians (3.7 per cent). With the exception of the Italian, all second-generation groups have smaller proportions of gaming than the white American group of nonimmigrant parentage. Only one group has no convictions of gaming — the English second generation. Of the remaining groups, all exceed the. native negro of native father in percentage of such convictions. Crimes against public health and safety include such offenses as the unlawful carrying of weapons and the unlawful sale of cocaine. They form a larger proportion of the total offenses of the immigrant Italian and of the English second-generation groups than of those of the native white group of native parentage. Of the crimes of immi- grant Italians, 12.3 per cent are of this character; of those of Amer- ican-born persons of English parentage, 6.9 per cent; and of those of native whites of native father, 4.3 per cent. The native negro group of native parentage is exceeded in proportion of these crimes by the three groups just enumerated, its proportion being 3.8 per cent. One group — the foreign-born English — lias no convictions of crimes against public health and safety. Immigration and Crime. 117 SUMMARY. In the following table i? shown a summary of the relations of the various groups of offenders to the gainful offenses: TABLE 70. — Relative frequency of gainful offenses: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909. General nativity and race. All gainful offenses. Burglary. Extortion. Forgery and fraud. Larceny and receiving stolen prop- erty. Robbery. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Native-born of native fut her: u'hite .. 5 10 6 2 1 7 9 4 8 3 11 12 79.7 70.0 79.3 85.7 89 6 78.0 72.0 84.6 75.2 85.0 60.5 43.8 9 4 8 5 6 3 1 12 7 2 11 10 20. 3 25.4 20.7 24.1 22 9 20.0 39.0 7.7 21.6 26.7 9.3 11 9 3 0.2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 4 9 6 5 1 10 5.3 1.4 3.4 3.6 8.3 1.3 .0 2.6 8.0 6.1 .0 1.7 5 10 4 2 3 7 11 1 9 6 8 12 51.4 40.8 55.2 58.0 57.3 49.7 31.7 74.4 45.6 51.0 47.7 23.8 2 3 2.4 2.3 .0 .0 1.0 1.0 1.2 .0 .0 .8 3.5 2.1 Negro Native-born of for- eign father, by lace of father: English German Hebrew 6 6 5 Irish Italian Foreign-born: English German .0 .0 .4 .0 7 2 3 ""2" Hebrew 7 1 4 Irish Italian. . 1 4.3 8 American-born offenders of native father are exceeded in percentage of each of the gainful offenses by one or more race groups of immi- grant offenders. Moreover, each of the five groups of American- born offenders of immigrant parentage exceeds the native-born of native father in percentage of convictions of burglary, one of them in percentage of convictions of forgery and fraud, and three in per- centage of convictions of larceny and receiving stolen goods. Each of the offenses of personal violence, like those of gain, caused a larger proportion of the convictions of some immigrant group of offenders than of the native-born of native father. (See Table 71.) Each of these offenses also occurred with greater relative frequency among the offenses of American-born persons of immigrant parentage than among the offenses of the native-born of native father. Of the several groups of offenders shown in the table the immigrant Italian is strikingly differentiated from the others by the prominence of assault and homicide among its crimes, having larger percentages of con- victions of these offenses than any other group of offenders. 118 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 71. — Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence: New York court of gen- eral sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909. General nativity and race. All offenses of personal violence. Abduction and kid- naping. Assault. Homicide. Rape. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Native-born of native father: White 8 3 5 9 11 6 4 12 7 10 2 1 9.8 23.9 13.8 8.9 5.2 12.3 17.1 2.6 10.4 8.5 29.1 37.4 4 0.7 .0 .0 1.8 .0 .0 2.4 .0 7 3 11 9 10 5 4 7.9 20.7 3.4 5.4 4.2 11.0 12.2 .0 8.0 6.1 25.6 27.2 10 3 2 9 0.5 2.8 3.4 .9 .0 1.0 1.2 2.6 2.4 .4 2.3 4.7 7 8 1 6 5 9 4 0.7 .5 6.9 9 1.0 .3 1.2 .0 .0 1.6 .0 5.1 Negro Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English German 2 Hebrew .. Irish 8 7 4 5 11 6 1 Italian 1 Foreign-born: English German .0 .4 1.2 .4 6 8 2 1 Hebrew 5 3 5 3 Irish Italian 2 Of the offenses against public policy, gaming and crimes against public health and safety are the only ones of which a sufficient num- ber of persons were convicted to make the presentation of their dis- tribution among the crimes of the several nativity and race groups of value. TABLE 72. — Relative frequency of offenses against public policy: New York court of gen- eral sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909. General nativity and race. All offenses against public policy. Gaming. Crimes against pub- lic health and safety. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Native-born of native father: White... 4 7 5 11 10 6 2 8 3 9 12 1 8.9 5.2 6.9 3.6 4.2 6.0 9.8 5.1 9.6 4.9 3.5 17.0 4 11 3.6 .9 .0 1.8 3.1 2.7 3.7 2.6 7.2 2.8 1.2 4.7 3 4 2 7 9 6 5 4.3 3.8 6.9 1.8 1.0 3.0 3.7 .0 .8 1.2 1.2 12.3 Negro Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English German. . . ........ 9 5 7 3 8 1 6 10 2 Hebrew Irish Italian Foreign-born: English German 10 8 8 1 Hebrew Irish Italian Gaming forms a larger percentage of the offenses of two immigrant groups and one second-generation group than of the offenses of the American born of native parentage. Crimes against public health and safety form a larger percentage of the offenses of one immigrant and one second-generation group than of the offenses of the native- born of native parentage. Of the groups of offenders shown in the table, the immigrant Italian is unique in that it exceeds the American group of native parentage in percentage of convictions of both gaming and crimes against public health and safety. Its position is Immigration and Crime. 119 further striking in that in percentage of convictions of crimes against public health and safety it exceeds all other groups of offenders, and in percentage of convictions of gaming it is exceeded by only one group of offenders. 3. COUNTY AND SUPREME COURTS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. The preceding sets of data have been concerned with the crimi- nality of New York City alone. In order at least roughly to survey crime in the entire State, the records of the various county and supreme courts of the State have been employed. From them sta- tistics of crime during the two calendar years of 1907 and 1908 have been compiled. The total number of convictions for all crimes during this two- year period is 12,897. Excluding 1,255 cases in which the offense was insufficiently defined to admit of classification, and 3 in which a corporation was the offender, these convictions have been classified as follows : Offenses. Convic- tions. Per cent of total con- victions. Gainful offenses 8 232 70 7 Offenses of personal violence 1,787 15.4 Offenses against public policy 1 154 9 9 Offenses against chastity ... 223 1.9 Unclassified offenses 243 2 1 Total 11 639 100 0 The records of the county and supreme courts do not show the races of offenders, but only the countries of their birth. Therefore the analysis must be of nationality (or country of birth) groups. Because of the small number of convicted persons belonging to some of these nationality groups, a further elimination may well be made, and the actual analysis confined to those nationalities represented by fifty or more cases each. These nationalities are nine in number: American, Austro-Hungarian, Canadian, English, German, Irish, Italian, Polish, and Russian. The total number of convictions for definitely known offenses is shown by country of birth in Table 73. TABLE 73. — Convictions in New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908, by country of birth of offender. Country of birth. Convic- uons. United States 7 286 Foreign countries 3 879 Austria-Hungary 419 Canada 124 England 161 Germany 514 Ireland 278 Italy... 1 183 Poland Q<; Russia 646 Other countries 458 Nativity not reported 474 Total nCOn 120 The Immigration Commission. To compare these nationalities on the basis of total convictions is evidently impossible, inasmuch as their representation in the popula- tion of the State is not known. All that can be done, therefore, is to observe the forms which the criminality of these convicted persons has taken, by comparing the relative frequency of the commission of the various offenses and classes of offenses among them. In this comparison the 474 cases in which the nativity of the offenders was not reported must be excluded from the figures. This reduces the number Oi convictions shown in the text tables to 11,165. CLASSES OF CRIME. In the following table these convictions have been grouped by class of crime and nativity of offenders: TABLE 74. — Distribution of classes of crime: New York county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908. NUMBER. Country of birth. Total. Gainful offenses. Offenses of per- sonal violence. Offenses against public policy. Offenses against chastity. Unclas- sified offenses. United States 7,286 5,665 855 509 135 122 Austria-Hungary 419 280 78 31 10 20 Canada 124 85 16 14 1 8 England 161 115 13 17 11 5 Germany 514 360 67 54 13 20 Ireland 278 197 46 94 3 8 Italy 1,183 445 465 244 13 16 Poland . 96 63 17 11 2 3 Russia 646 498 84 35 12 17 Total foreign 3 879 9 345 873 485 72 104 Grand total 11 165 8 010 1 728 QQ4 207 226 PER CENT OF TOTAL NUMBER. United States 100 0 77 8 11 7 7 0 1 9 Austria-Hungary 100 0 66 8 18 6 7 4 2 4 Canada 100.0 68.5 12.9 11.3 .8 England 100.0 71.4 8 1 10.6 6.8 Germany 100 0 70 0 13 0 10 5 2 5 Ireland 100.0 70.9 16.5 8.6 1.1 Italy 100 0 37 6 39 3 20 6 1 l Poland 100.0 65.6 17.7 11.5 2.1 Russia 100 0 77.1 13 0 5.4 1.9 Total foreign 100.0 60.5 22.5 12.5 1.9 Grand total 100 o 71 7 15 5 8 9 1 9 The gainful offenses are those for which the largest number of con- victions is found, such convictions comprising nearly three-fourths of the total number. This table shows that the gainful offenses occur with greatest relative frequency among the crimes of the native-born. Yet the difference between their percentage of American and of Rus- sian crimes is slight — only seven-tenths of one per cent — their per- centage of the former being 77.8 and of the latter 77.1. In each nation- ality group except the Italian the gainful offenses compose over six- tenths of all crimes. Of the total offenses of the Italians, however, Immigration and Crime. 121 they form only 37.6 per cent, a proportion so much less than that found in any other nationality group as strikingly to differentiate Italian criminality with respect to the gainful offenses. It is notable that of the four nationalities having the largest per- centages of these crimes, three are English-speaking — the American, English, and Irish. It is also noteworthy that tliis is the only class of crime which forms a larger proportion of the total offenses of the American born than of those of any immigrant group. Of the ekjht immigrant nationalities represented in the foregoing table seven have higher percentages of convictions of the offenses Relative frequency of gainful offenses: New York county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908. of personal violence than the nonimmigrant group. These seven immigrant groups are, in the order of their percentages, those from — Per cent. . 39.3 Italy Austria-Hungary 18. 6 Poland 17. 7 Ireland 16. 5 Germany 13. 0 Russk 13. 0 Canada 12.9 The percentage of nonimmigrant group (persons born in the United States) is 11.7, or considerably less than one-third that of the Italian group. The only group of foreign-born persons having a smaller percentage of convictions for offenses of personal violence than the native-born is that coming from England, whose percentage is only 8.1, or only a little more than one-fifth that of the Italian group of 79340°— VOL 36—11 9 122 The Immigration Commission. immigrant offenders. The most striking thing shown by the figures is the high percentage which these offenses form of Italian crimes. It is not only more than three times the percentage which they form of American crimes, but is more than twice the Austro-Hungarian percentage, which is higher than that of any group except the Italian, and nearly five times the English percentage. While convictions of these offenses comprise less than one-fifth of the total convictions of every other nationality, they compose almost two-fifths of the whole number of Italian convictions, a difference as remarkable as that appearing in the figures of the gainful offenses, which are as strikingly less common among Italian crimes than among those of all other nationalities, as the offenses of personal violence are more common. Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence: New York county and supreme courts^ 1907 and 1908. COUNTRY OF BIRTH ITALY AUSTRIA- HUNGARY POLAND IRELAND GERMANY RUSSIA CANADA UNITED STATES ENGLAND Offenses against public policy, as well as those of personal violence, occur in largest proportion among Italian crimes, forming 20.6 per cent of the total number. This proportion is nearly twice that of the Poles, whose percentage is second in rank, being 11.5. Offenses against public policy, like those of personal violence, form a larger proportion of tne crimes of every immigrant group except one than of the crimes of the native-born. In the case of offenses against personal violence, the exception is the English group; in that of offenses against public policy it is the Russian. Four immigrant groups exceed the native-born in percentage of offenses against chastity — the English, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Polish. Of the several percentages, the English is much the greater, being 6.8, while the second in rank (the German) is only 2.5. Immigration and Crime. 123 The Russian and American groups have like proportions of these offenses, 1.9 per cent. The Canadian, Irish, and Italian percentages are less than the American, the Canadian, which is 0.8, being the smallest percentage found among the nine nationality groups shown in the table. An analysis of some of the specific offenses composing these crime groups may well be made. Only the first three classes of crime are found in sufficient numbers in these records to make an analysis of specific offenses feasible; offenses against chastity are too few in number to render such analysis of them valuable. GAINFUL OFFENSES. The several offenses designated as ' 'gainful" are shown in the following table, together with the proportion each forms of the total crimes of each nationality: TABLE 75. — Gainful offenses compared with all offenses: New York county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908. NUMBER. Country of birth. All offenses. Gainful offenses. Burglary. Extor- tion. Forgery and fraud. Larceny and receiving stolen property. Robbery. Total. United States 7,286 2,181 16 221 3,009 238 5,665 Austria-Hungary 419 124 161 514 278 1,183 96 646 72 24 30 133 60 125 27 156 2 9 5 5 17 3 7 1 17 191 52 78 202 128 238 31 313 6 4 2 7 3 39 4 11 280 85 115 360 197 445 63 498 Canada England Germany 1 3 36 Ireland Italy Poland Russia .... 1 Total foreign 3,879 718 53 76 1,414 84 2,345 Grand total 11,165 2,899 69 297 4,423 322 8,010 PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. United States 100.0 29.9 0.22 3.03 41.3 3 3 77 8 Austria-Hungary 100 0 17 2 48 2 15 45 6 1 4 66 8 Canada 100.0 19.4 00 4 03 41 9 3 2 68 5 England 100 0 18 6 00 3 11 48 4 1 2 71 4 Germany 100.0 25.9 .19 3 31 39 3 1 4 70 0 Ireland . ... 100 0 21 6 1 08 1 08 46 0 1 1 70 9 Italy- 100 0 10 6 3 05 59 20 1 3 3 37 6 Poland 100.0 28 1 00 1 04 32 3 4 2 65 6 Russia 100 0 24 1 15 2 63 48 5 1 7 77 1 Total foreign 100 0 18 5 1 4 1 96 36 5 2 2 60 5 Grand total 100 0 26 0 62 2 7 39 6 2 9 71 7 Burglary is the only gainful offense which forms a larger propor- tion of the crimes of the native born than of those of any foreign- born group. Of the 7,286 persons born in the United States convicted of all crimes, 2,181, or 29.9 per cent, were convicted of burglary. Of the several immigrant groups the Polish has the largest propor- 124 The Immigration Commission. tion of this crime, or 28.1 per cent, while the Italian has the smallest, or 10.6 per cent. Extortion forms less than one-half of 1 per cent of the crimes of all the nationalities except the Irish and Italian. The largest pro- Eortion is that of the Italian group, which is 3.05 per cent. The rish proportion, which is second in rank, is only slightly more than one- third as great as this, being 1.08 per cent. Three of the immi- grant groups — the Italian, Irish, and Austro-Hungarian— have larger proportions of extortion than the American-born, whose percentage is 0.22. This is less than half the Austro-Hungarian percentage (0.48), slightly more than one-fifth the Irish (1.08), and approxi- mately one- fourteenth the Italian (3.05). Three nationalities — the Canadian, English, and Polish — have no cases of extortion recorded against them, while the German and Scotch group have only one case each. Relative frequency of burglary: New York county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908. COUNTRY OF BIRTH 20 40 60 80 NATIVE FOREIGN POLAND GERMANY RUSSIA IREL/VNO CANADA ENGLAND AUSTRIA- HUNGARY ITALY Among the convicted persons of three nationalities forgery and fraud form larger proportions of the total crimes than among those of American birth. These three nationalities are, in the order of the greatest relative frequency of these offenses among them, Canadian, German and English. Of Canadian crimes forgery and fraud form 4.03 per cent, of German, 3.31, of English, 3.11, while of the offenses of Americans they compose 3.03 per cent. Least of all is the proportion of forgery and fraud among the Italians, whose per- centage of these offenses is 0.59, or approximately one-seventh that of the Canadians, and less than one-fifth that of the Germans, English, and Americans. From the preceding table it appears that a greater number of con- victions were for larceny and receiving stolen property than for any other crime. Only three groups of foreign-born persons have smaller percentages of these offenses than the native-born. Five^of Immigration and Crime. 125 the eight immigrant groups appearing in the table have larger proportions of convictions for larceny and receiving stolen property than the American. These five groups are those from Russia, Eng- land, Ireland, Austria-Hungary, and Canada. Of the total con- victions of only three nationalities — the Canadian, Polish, and Italian — do those for larceny and receiving stolen property form less than 40 per cent, and these three nationalities are the only ones having smaller percentages of these crimes than the American. Larceny and receiving stolen property are most common among the crimes of Russians, of which they form 48.5 per cent. They are, however, almost as common among the crimes of persons of English birth, composing 48.4 per cent. The unknown racial composition of the Russian group of convicts renders it impossible properly to compare it with any of the others. It is not likely, however, that many persons of the true Russian race are included in it, and the presence of a distinct group of persons coming from Poland suggests the improbability of its containing many Poles. The relatively small proportion of persons from Italy committing the offenses of larceny and receiving stolen property is notable, being only 20.1 per cent. It is only half that of persons born in the United States, whose percentage of these crimes is 41.3, and con- siderably smaller than that of the group of persons having the next smallest proportion (the Germans), while the proportion found in the Russian group, which exceeds all others, is nearly two and one- half times that of the Italians. The small number of persons of each nationality group convicted of robbery is striking. But one immigrant group exhibits a greater relative frequency of this crime than the American. This is the Polish, whose percentage of convictions for robbery is 4.2, while that of the American is 3.3. Of Italian crimes, however, robbery forms the same percentage as of American. With the exception of the Polish and Italian, all foreign-born groups have smaller percentages than the native-born. The least proportion is found in the Irish group, only 1.1 per cent of its crimes consisting of robbery. The English percentage, however, is only slightly greater than this, being 1.2. 126 The Immigration Commission. OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE. The several offenses of personal violence and their distribution among the various nationalities are shown in the following table: TABLE 76. — Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses: New York county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908. NUMBER. Country of birth. All offenses. Offenses of personal violence. Abduc- tion and kidnap- ing. Assault. Homi- cide. Rape. Total. United States 7,286 37 631 72 115 855 Austria-Hungary 419 124 161 514 278 1,183 96 646 2 63 15 8 47 38 342 14 73 7 6 1 2 11 2 25 1 3 78 36 13 67 46 465 17 84 Canada England 1 1 2 8 6 74 2 5 Ireland Italy 24 ""3" Poland Russia Total foreign 3,879 36 664 110 63 873 Grand total 11,165 73 1,295 182 178 1.72S PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. United States 100.0 0.5 8.7 1.0 1.6 11.7 Austria-Hungary 100.0 .47 15.0 1.7 1.4 18.6 Canada 100.0 .00 12.1 .0 .8 12.9 England 100 o 62 5 0 1 2 1.2 8 1 Germany 100.0 .19 9.1 1.6 2.1 13.0 Ireland 100 0 .00 13.7 2.2 .7 16.5 Italy 100.0 2.03 28.9 6.3 2.1 39.3 Poland 100.0 .00 14.6 2.1 1.0 17.7 Russia 100 0 .46 11.3 .8 .5 13.0 Total foreign 100.0 .9 17.1 2.8 1.6 22.5 Grand total 100.0 .7 11.6 1.6 1.6 15.5 None of these offenses of personal violence forms so large a propor- tion of the crimes of the native-born as of those of some immigrant group. Abduction and kidnaping occupy a much larger place in the criminality of the Italian group than in that of any other group of offenders. This is strikingly shown by the fact that while the Italians compose only a little more than one-tenth of the total num- ber of persons convicted of all crimes, 24 of the 73 cases of abduction and kidnaping, or approximately one-third, are Italian cases. Of the total number of Italian convictions, these 24 of abduction and kid- naping form 2.03 per cent. Next in rank is the English proportion, which is 0.62 per cent. All other immigrant groups have smaller proportions than the American, 0.5 per cent of whose crimes consist of abduction and kidnaping. It is notable that three foreign nation- ality groups — the Canadian, Irish, and Polish — have no convictions of abduction and kidnaping, while the English and German have only one each, the Austro-Hungarian two, and the Russian .three. Immigration and Crime. 127 ' Of convictions for the specific offenses of personal violence, those for assault occur in largest numbers. Assault, like abduction and kidnaping, forms a larger proportion of the criminality of Italians than of that of any other nationality. The Italian proportion of assault, which is 28.9 per cent, is nearly twice that of any or the other groups, the second in rank being that of the Austro-Hungarians, which is 15 per cent. The Polish percentage is nearly as large as the Austro- Hungarian, being 14.6. In addition to these three immigrant groups there are four others having larger proportions of assault than the native-born, whose percentage is 8.7. Thus only one foreign nationality has a smaller proportion than the American. This is the English, of whose total crimes assault forms 5 per cent. ' Six of the eight immigrant groups have larger proportions of homi- cide than the native-born. Of these, the Italian stands out most prominently, 6.3 per cent of its convictions being convictions of Relative frequency of assault: New York county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908. homicide. Next in rank is the Irish percentage, which is 2.2, or only slightly more than one-third the Italian. These six immigrant groups having larger proportions of homicide han the native-born are, in the order of their percentag th from — percentages, those Per cent. . 6.3 Italy Ireland 2. 2 Poland 2.1 Austria-Hungary 1, 7 Germany 1.6 England 1.2 Among American offenders convictions of homicide compose only 1 per cent of all convictions. The only nationalities of whose total criminality homicide forms a smaller part than of that of the American are the Russian and the Canadian. Of the 646 convictions 128 The Immigration Commission. of all crimes of the Russians, only 5, or 0.8 per cent, were of homi- cide, while of the 124 convictions of Canadians not one was of this crime. Two of the groups of foreign-born persons have larger proportions of convictions of rape than the native-born, whose percentage is 1.6. These two nationalities are the German and Italian. Of the total crim- inality of each, rape forms 2.1 per cent. Two nationalities have each only 1 conviction of rape — the Canadian and the Polish — while the English and the Irish have but 2 convictions each. The smallest proportion, however, appears in the Russian group, of whose 646 convictions of all crimes only 3, or less than one-half of 1 per cent, are of this crime. Although the German percentage equals the Italian, the fact that no nationality exceeds the latter in percentage adds something to the other evidence of the prevalence of crimes of per- sonal violence among the Italians. OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY. Offenses of three kinds have been selected for analysis from those against public policy. These are shown, with their proportions of the total crimes of each nationality, in the following table: TABLE 77. — Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses: New York county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908. NUMBER. Country of birth. All offenses. Offenses against public policy. Crimes against public health and safety. Gaming. Violation of excise laws, etc. All other. Total. United States 7,286 80 127 263 39 509 Austr ia-H ungary 419 124 161 514 278 1,183 96 646 15 1 3 13 3 163 5 15 2 10 13 10 27 15 58 3 9 4 31 14 17 54 24 244 11 35 Canada England 4 11 3 12 1 4 Germany 3 3 11 2 7 Ireland Italy Poland .. . Russia Total foreign . ...... 3.879 11,165 229 309 49 176 168 431 39 485 Grand total 78 994 PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. United States 100 0 1 1 1 7 3 6 7 0 Austria-Hungary. . 100 0 3 6 5 2 4 7 4 Canada 100 0 g o 10 5 11 3 England 100 0 1.9 2 5 6.2 10.6 Germany . . 100 0 2 5 2 1 5 3 10 5 Ireland 100 0 ] 1 1 i 5 4 8 6 Italy 100 0 13.8 1.0 4.9 20.6 Poland . 100 0 5 2 1 0 3 1 11.5 R ussia 100 0 2.3 1.6 1.4 5.4 Total foreign . ... 100 0 5 9 1 3 4 3 12.5 Grand total 100 0 2 8 1. 6 3.9 8.9 Immigration and Crime. 129 Under crimes against public health and safety are grouped the unlawful carrying of weapons, having narcotics with intent to administer, obstructing health officer in discharge of his duties, willful violation of health laws, selling impure milk, and the unlawful sale of cocaine. While some of these offenses involve pecuniary dis- honesty (such as the sale of impure milk and the unlawful sale of cocaine) most of them are suggestive rather of crimes of violence. It is therefore notable, when comparison is made with the group of offenses of personal violence, that the Italians should have a larger proportion of convictions of these crimes against public health and safety than any other nationality, and that this proportion, which is 13.8 per cent of all Italian crimes, should be more than twice as great as that of any other nationality group and more than twelve times that of the Americans, whose percentage is only 1.1. Six of the eight immigrant groups exceed the native-born in relative fre- quency of these crimes. These are the groups coming from Italy, Poland, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia. Only the group from Canada has a smaller percentage than the native-born, for that of the Irish immigrants is the same as the American percentage. Of the 124 Canadian convictions, only 1, or 0.8 per cent, is for a crime against public health and safety. Gaming, or gambling, forms a larger proportion of the crimes of English and German offenders than of those of offenders born hi the United States, the proportion of this crime in the English group being 2.5 per cent, in the German, 2.1 per cent, and in the American, 1.7 per cent. Of the crimes of the Canadians none are of this char- acter, and of the total offenses of persons born in Austria-Hungary, the number is only 2, or 0.5 per cent. The Poles have only one such conviction, but this forms 1 per cent of their total convictions, as do the 3 convictions of the Irish, while the 4 convictions of the Rus- sians constitute 0.6 per cent of the total number belonging to this group. The offenses grouped as violations of excise laws, etc., while of considerable variety, are chiefly offenses involving pecuniary dis- honesty. Convictions of these offenses form larger proportions of the total convictions of five immigrant groups than they do of the total convictions of the native-born. These five foreign-born groups are those coming from Candda, England, Ireland, Germany, and Italy. The largest percentage of convictions of these offenses is found hi the Canadian group. Of all Canadian crimes these form 10.5 per cent, while of American they compose only 3.6 per cent. Even the percent- age next in rank to the Canadian (that of the English) is only 6.2 per cent. The smallest percentage of all is that of the Russian group, of whose 646 convictions only 9, or 1.4 per cent, were for violations of the excise and similar laws. SUMMARY. Burglary is the only gainful offense which caused a larger percentage of the convictions of persons born in the United States than of the convictions of persons born in any foreign country. As is shown by the table following, extortion was the crime of a larger percentage of the Italian, Irish, and Austro-Hungarian offenders, forgery and fraud of the Canadian, German, and English, larceny and receiving stolen 130 The Immigration Commission. property of the Russian, English, Irish, Austro-Hungarian, and Canadian, and robbery of the Polish and Italian. TABLE 78. — Relative frequency of gainful offenses: New York county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908. Country of birth. Per cent. Country ol birth. Per cent. All gainful offenses. United States. 77.8 Forgery and fraud. Canada 4 03 Russia 77 1 Germany 3 31 England 71.4 England 3.11 Ireland 70 9 United States 3 03 Germany 70.0 Russia 2.63 Canada 68.5 Austria-Hungary 2.15 Austria-Hungary 66 8 Ireland 1 08 Poland.. 65.6 Poland 1.04 Italy 37.6 Italy .59 Burglary. United States 29 9 Larceny and receiving stolen property. Russia 48 5 Poland 28 1 England 48 4 Germany 25 9 Ireland 40 0 Bussia 24.1 Austria-Hungary 45.6 Ireland 21 6 Canada 41 9 Canada 19.4 United States 41.3 18 6 Germany ... 39 3 Austria-Hungary 17.2 Poland... 32.3 10.6 Italy 20.1 Extortion. Italy 3 05 Robbery. Poland 4.2 Ireland 1 08 Italy 3 3 Austria-Hungary . .48 United States 3.3 United States .22 Canada 3 2 Germany . . . .19 Russia 1.7 Russia 15 Austria-Hungary 1.4 Canada ... . .00 Germany 1.4 England .00 England 1.2 Poland 00 Ireland 1.1 Every offense of personal violence occurs with greater relative frequency among the crimes of some group of immigrant offenders than among the crimes of the American born. As Table 79 shows, the Italians have the largest percentage of convictions of three of these offenses — abduction and kidnaping, assault, and homicide — and share with the Germans the highest percentage of convictions of the fourth offense — rape. Immigration and Crime. 131* TABLE 79. — Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence: New York comity and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908. Country of birth. Per cent. Country of birth. Per cent. All offenses of personal violence. Italy Austria-Hungary 39.3 18.6 Assault— Continued. Russia Germany United States 11.3 9.1 o 7 Poland Ireland Germany . 17.7 16.5 13.0 England 5.0 Russia 13.0 Homicide. Canada .... 12.9 Italy 6.3 United States 11.7 Ireland 2 2 England . 8.1 Poland 2.1 Austria-Hungary 1 7 Abduction and kidnaping. Germany 1.6 Italy England 2.03 .62 England United S tates 1.2 1.0 United States Austria-Hungary Russia .50 .47 .46 Canada .8 .0 Germany .19 Rape. Canada 00 Germany 2 1 Ireland .00 Italy 2.1 Poland .00 United States 1 6 Austria-Hungary 1.4 Assault. England 1 2 Italy Austria-Hungary 28.9 15.0 Poland Canada 1.0 .8 Poland Ireland Canada 14.6 13.7 12 1 Russia .5 Of each of the three kinds of offenses against public policy shown in the Table 80, some immigrant group of offenders has a larger percentage of convictions than the native (or American) group. Two of the nationalities of foreign-born offenders are especially prominent because of their large percentage of convictions of certain offenses. These are the Italian and the Canadian, the former having a much larger percentage of convictions of crimes against the public health and safety than any other nationality and the latter a much larger percentage of convictions of violations of excise and similar laws. TABLE 80. — Relative frequency of offenses against public policy: New York county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908. Country of birth. Per cent. Country of birth. Per cent AU offenses against public policy. Ttn.lv Gaming. England 2.5 Poland 11.5 Germany 2.1 Canada England Germany 11.3 10.6 10.5 Ireland Italy Poland 1.1 1.0 1.0 Austria-Hungary United States 8.6 7.4 7.0 c 4 Russia Austria-Hungary Canada .6 .5 Crimes against the public health and safety. Italy Poland 13.8 5.2 Violation of excise Jaws, etc. Canada England Ireland 10.5 6.2 5.4 Germany Russia England United States 2.5 2.3 1.9 Germany Italy United States Poland 5.3 4.9 3.6 3.1 Ireland 1.1 Austria-Hungary Russia 2.4 1.4 CHAPTER IX. THE CITY OF CHICAGO. POLICE ARRESTS. Of the police reports obtained from the * principal cities of the United States, only those of Chicago contained records of arrests admitting of the statistical analysis of the relations of immigrants to crime. No reports showed arrests by race and crime, and only those of Chicago correlated nationality and crime. The reports of the Chicago police department for the 10 years from 1897 to 1908 were obtained, but it was found that only those for the four years from 1905 to 1908 contained tabular statements of arrests by crime and nationality. The records for these four years were therefore combined and retabulated. These figures form the material on which this chapter is based. It is fortunate that such statistics could be obtained from this city for, next to New York, Chicago had in 1900 the largest number of foreign-born persons of any city in the United States, and of the six chief cities of the country Chicago ranked third in proportion of foreign-born population, its 587,112 persons of foreign birth forming 34.6 per cent of its total population. During the four years under consideration the total number of arrests made by the Chicago police was 307,479. In 6,548 cases, however, the offense charged is so vaguely defined as to render its inclusion among any of the definitely stated offenses impossible. These 6,548 arrests have therefore been eliminated from the figures upon which analysis is based, leaving the total number of arrests considered 300,931. As in the preceding sections of this report, offenses have been divided into four groups of rather definite meaning. This leaves an unclassified remainder, which, because of the impossibility of satis- factorily determining its criminal character, can not be analyzed. In the case of Chicago, this unclassified remainder amounts to but 1.6 per cent of the total criminality. As in other cases, however, it has been retained in the total of offenses, upon which percentages of specific crimes and classes of crime are computed for the different nationalities. A summary of the various classes of crime appearing in the Chicago police reports during the four years under consideration is as follows : Offenses. Number of arrests. Per cent of arrests. Gainful offenses 39 390 13 1 Offenses of personal violence . ... 16 824 5 6 Offenses against public policy 226 164 75 2 Offenses against chastity 13 446 4 5 Unclassified offenses ^. 5 107 1 6 Total 300 931 100 0 133 134 The Immigration Commission. Offenses against public policy form the major part of the cases, composing 75.2 per cent. Here is exhibited the effect of metropolitan conditions upon criminality — its chief form becomes the commission of acts frequently not in themselves of a serious criminal nature, but indicating rather a disregard for, or an ignorance of, the law. The records of the Chicago police do not show the races of arrested persons, nor is there any classification by countries of birth. The classification employed lies between these two, in that under the designation of "nationality" there appears a division of persons born in certain countries into groups which are evidently racial. Thus, there is a separation of Bohemians, of Polanders, and of Slavonians. The meaning of Bohemians is clear (persons born in Bohemia). Polanders are persons born in Russian, German, or Austrian Poland, and the term Polish is therefore applied in the following pages to this "nationality." By Slavonians are meant persons born in the Hun- garian provinces of Croatia and Slavonia. In the discussion of the Chicago figures "nationality" is therefore employed to indicate the geographical divisions in which the various groups of arrested persons were born. Of the 23 nationality groups appearing in the reports, 3 have been omitted from the comparative analysis: Hollanders and Swiss, because of too slight representation in the total criminality, the former having but 469 arrests for specific offenses, and the latter but 308, and the group designated "Other nationalities," because of the impossibility of distinguishing its composition. The figures for these groups have, however, been retained in the total figures for the foreign-born. The American, or native-born, group is divided into whites and negroes. A more accurate standard of comparison is thus secured than that appearing in the records of the New York City magistrates' courts or in those of the county and supreme courts of New York State. In the treatment of the Chicago statistics the white American group is that with which the various immigrant groups are primarily com- pared. Among the nationality and color groups arrests for known offenses are distributed as follows : TABLE 81.— Distribution of arrests, Chicago, 1905 to 1908, inclusive, by nationality of offender. Nationality. Number of arrests. Nationality Number of arrests. Native-born: White 171.120 Foreign-born — Continued . Lithuanian 2,582 24 814 2,401 Polish 19, 575 3 897 Russian 9,240 4 531 Scotch 1,073 2 126 1,051 Chinese 2,339 Swedish 5,446 Danish 1,137 Other foreign 4,091 English French 2,329 913 Grand total 300,931 Greek 19,347 4 821 ' 195,934 Irish 10 743 104,997 Italian 7,355 Immigration and Crime. 135 CLASSES OF CRIME. The several classes of crime are distributed among these national- ities as is shown in Table 82. TABLE 82. — Distribution of classes of crime: Chicago police arrests, 1905 to 1908. NUMBER. Nationality. Total. Gainful offenses. Offenses of per- sonal violence. Offenses against public policy. Offenses against chastity. Unclassi- fied of- fenses. Native-born: White 171,120 25,244 7,509 127,313 8,134 2,920 Negro .... 24, 814 3 830 1 595 17, 215 1 878 296 Foreign-born: Austrian 3,897 358 303 3,012 181 43 Bohemian 4,531 451 370 3 497 95 118 Canadian 2,126 260 118 1,598 85 65 Chinese 2,339 44 38 2 153 102 2 Danish 1,137 109 49 935 24 20 English. . 2,329 249 116 1,839 76 49 French 913 96 44 653 106 14 German 19,347 2.145 1,277 14,903 559 463 Greek 4,821 367 449 3 891 90 24 Irish... 10,743 603 605 9,201 147 187 Italian 7,355 836 776 5 444 224 75 Lithuanian 2 582 279 313 1 881 55 54 Norwegian . . 2,401 205 118 1 979 59 40 Polish 19 575 2 097 1 831 14 931 420 296 Russian 9,240 1,150 593 6 432 830 235 Scotch 1 073 71 53 914 19 16 Slavonian. .. 1,051 100 121 787 31 12 Swedish 5 446 407 234 4 564 140 101 Grand total 300, 931 39, 390 16, 824* 226,164 13,446 5,107 Total native-born 195, 934 29,074 9,104 144, 528 10, 012 3,216 Total foreign-born 104 997 10 316 7 720 81 636 3 434 1 891 PER CENT OF TOTAL NUMBER. Native-born: White 100.0 14.8 4.4 74.4 4.8 Negro 100.0 15.4 6.4 69 4 7 6 Foreign-born: Austrian 100.0 9.2 7.8 77.3 4.6 Bohemian 100.0 10.0 8 2 77 2 2 1 Canadian 100.0 12.2 5.6 75.2 4.0 Chinese 100.0 1.9 1 6 92 0 4 4 Danish 100.0 9.6 4.3 82.2 2.1 •••• English 100.0 10.7 5.0 79 0 3 3 French 100.0 10.5 4.8 71.5 11.6 German. . . 100.0 11.1 6.6 77.0 2 9 Greek 100 0 7 6 9 3 80 7 1 9 Irish.. 100.0 5.6 5.6 85.6 1.4 Italian 100.0 11.4 10 6 74 0 3 0 Lithuanian 100.0 10.8 12.1 72.9 2.1 Norwegian 100.0 8.5 4 9 82 4 2 5 Polish 100 0 10 7 9 4 76 3 2 1 Russian 100.0 12.4 6.4 69 6 9 0 Scotch 100 0 6 6 4 9 85 2 1 8 Slavonian 100.0 9.5 11.5 74.9 ,2.9 Swedish 100.0 7.5 4 3 83 8 2 6 Grand total 100.0 13.1 5 6 75 2 4 5 100.0 14.8 4.6 73 8 5.1 Total foreign-born .... 100.0 9 8 7 4 77 g 3 3 From this. table it appears that the gainful offenses are the only ones which form a larger proportion of the crimes of white Americans than of those of any group of foreign-born persons. The largest proportion of the gainful offenses, however, is found in the group of 136 The Immigration Commission. American negroes, of whose total crimes they form 15.4 per cent. Next in rank is their proportion of the crimes of American whites, which is 14.8 per cent. The percentage occurring in every immi- grant group is less than this, the greatest being found in the Russian group, which is 12.4. The Canadian percentage, however, is only slightly less than the Russian, being 12.2. Of the 20 groups of offenders shown in this table the Chinese has the smallest proportion of the gainful offenses, or 1.9 per cent. The figures showing arrests for offenses of personal violence bring out the fact that these offenses are relatively more frequent among arrested persons of all 'foreign nationalities except the Danish, Relative frequency of gainful offenses: Chicago police arrests, 1905-1908. NATIONALITY 10 15 AMERICAN, NEGRO AMERICAN,WHITE RUSSIAN CANADIAN ITALIAN GERMAN LITHUANIAN ENGLISH POLISH FRENCH BOHEMIAN DANISH SLAVONIAN AUSTRIAN NORWEGIAN GREEK SWEDISH SCOTCH IRISH CHINESE Swedish, and Chinese than they are among American white offenders. It is also shown by these figures that offenses of personal violence are relatively most frequent among the crimes of immigrants coming from eastern and southern Europe — 'the Lithuanians, Slavonians, Italians, Poles, Greeks, Bohemians, and Austrians. The largest proportion is found in the Lithuanian group, of whose total crimes those of personal violence form 12.1 per cent. Next in rank is the proportion occurring in the Slavonian grouj), 11.5 per cent, while the Italian percentage, which is 10.6, ranks third. It is of interest to note the groups having larger proportions than the American whites. The descending order of percentage is shown on the page following. Immigration and Crime. 137 Per cent. Lithuanian 12. 1 Slavonian 11. 5 Italian 10. 6 Polish 9.4 Greek 9.3 Bohemian 8. 2 Austrian 7. 8 German.. 6.6 Per cent. American negro 6. 4 Russian 6. 4 Canadian. 5. 6 Irish 5.6 English 5. 0 Scotch 4. 9 Norwegian 4. 9 French.. 4.8 Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence: Chicago police arrests, 1905-1908. NATIONALITY IS LITHUANIAN SLAVONIAN ITALI AN POLISH GREEK BOHEMIAN AUSTRIAN GERMAN AMERICAN; NEGRO RUSSIAN CANADIAN IRISH ENGLISH SCOTCH NORWEGIAN FRENCH AMERICAN, WHITE DANI SH SWEDISH CHINESE Aside from the greater prevalence of crimes of personal violence among offenders of all but three of the foreign nationality groups than among the American white, the remarkably small proportion of 79340°_voL 3G— 11 10 138 The Immigration Commission. these crimes among the Chinese is of chief interest. But 1.6 per cent of all Chinese arrests are for these crimes, while among the American whites they form 4.4 per cent, and among the Danes and Swedes 4.3 per cent. Of the several classes of crime, offenses against public policy are the most common. More than three-fourths of all arrests made during the period under consideration were for such offenses. In a large city like Chicago offenses against public policy may indicate anything from ignorance to dangerous criminality. In general, however, these offenses are of minor import and probably do not indicate any such criminal intent as the commission of the gainful offenses or most of the offenses of personal violence. They may spring from a disregard for the law, an attitude in itself dangerous to society, but in many cases they may be merely the result of thought- lessness or even ignorance. It might be anticipated that foreign peoples, coming from envi- ronments and accepting customs and rules of conduct frequently different from those of the people of the United States, would be more frequently offenders against "public policy" than native-born per- sons— committers of acts frequently not in themselves of a criminal nature, but so because forbidden. The foregoing table shows this to be the case. With four excep- tions (French, Italian, Lithuanian, and Russian) the immigrant groups have larger proportions of offenses against public policy than the group of American whites, while no group has so small a proportion as the American negroes. The large proportion found in the Chinese group is especially noticeable, being 92 per cent. This is .considerably greater than the proportion found in any other group, the next in rank being that of the Irish, which is 85.6 per cent. Including the Chinese and Irish there are fourteen foreign nationalities which exceed in proportion of offenses against public policy the American white group, 74.4 per cent of whose arrests were for such offenses. Offenses against chastity form a larger proportion of the crimes of only two of the immigrant groups than of the crimes of American white offenders. These two groups are the French and the Russian. Of the crimes of the former, offenses against chastity compose 11.6 per cent and of the latter 9 per cent, while of the crimes of American whites they comprise 4.8 per cent. The American negro group has a larger proportion of such offenses, 7.6 per cent, than the American white. Of the twenty groups of offenders the Irish has the smallest proportion, only 1.4 per cent of its crimes being "against chastity." Immigration and Crime. 139 GAINFUL OFFENSES. The distribution of arrests for the several gainful offenses among the various nationality groups is shown in the following table: TABLE 83. — Gainful offenses compared with all offenses: Chicago police arrests, 1905 to 1908. NUMBER. Nationality. All offenses. Gainful offenses. Burglary. Extor- tion. Forgery and fraud. Larceny and receiving stolen property. Robbery. Total. Native-born: White 171,120 24,814 3,897 4,531 2,126 2,339 1,137 2,329 913 19,347 4.821 10. 743 7,355 2,582 2,401 19,575 9,240 1,073 1,051 5,446 5,038 705 46 76 37 2 13 30 7 338 42 55 90 23 25 284 93 12 11 27 25 1 3,399 206 66 47 35 3 23 35 10 313 50 74 151 37 30 138 139 6 8 72 13,735 2,543 211 271 166 37 65 158 71 1,342 237 395 516 181 114 1,391 846 45 72 271 3,047 375 35 57 22 2 8 26 8 150 38 78 74 38 36 283 67 8 9 37 25,244 3,830 358 451 260 44 109 249 96 2,145 367 603 836 279 205 2,097 1,150 71 100 407 Negro Foreign-born: Austrian . . . . Bohemian Canadian Chinese Danish English French German 2 ...... 5 Greek Irish Italian Lithuanian Norwegian . . Polish 1 5 Russian .. .. Scotch Slavonian Swedish Grand total 300,931 6,974 41 4,924 3,605 1,319 23,029 16,278 6,751 4,422 3,422 1,000 39,390 29,074 10,316 Total native-born 195,934 104,997 5,743 1,231 26 15 Total foreign-born PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. Native-born : White 100 0 2 9 0 015 2 0 8 0 1 8 14 8 Negro 100.0 2.8 004 .8 10.2 1.5 15 4 Foreign-bora: Austrian 100 0 1 2 000 1 7 5 4 g 9 2 Bohemian . 100 0 1 7 .000 1.0 6 0 1.3 10 0 Canadian 100 0 1 7 .000 1 6 7 g 1 0 12 2 Chinese 100.0 .1 .000 .1 1.6 .1 1 9 Danish 100 0 1 i .000 2 0 5 7 7 9 6 English 100 0 1 3 000 1 5 6 8 1 1 10 7 French 100.0 .8 .000 1.1 7.8 .9 10 5 German 100 0 1 7 010 1 6 6 9 g 11 1 Greek 100.0 .9 .000 1.0 4.9 .8 7.6 Irish 100.0 .5 009 7 3 7 7 5 g Italian 100.0 1.2 .068 2.1 7.0 1.0 11.4 Lithuanian ... 100.0 .9 .000 1 4 7.0 1.5 10.8 Norwegian 100 0 1 0 .000 1 2 4 7 1 5 8 5 Polish 100.0 1.5 .005 .7 7.1 1.4 10.7 Russian 100.0 1.0 .054 1 5 9.2 .7 12.4 Scotch 100 0 1 i .000 6 4 2 .7 6 6 Slavonian 100.0 1.0 .000 .8 6.9 .9 9.5 Swedish 100.0 .5 .000 1 3 5.0 .7 7 5 Grand total " 100.0 2.3 .014 1.6 7.7 1.4 13.1 Total nat've-born 100 0 2 9 013 1 8 8 3 1 7 14 8 Total foreign-born 100.0 1.2 .014 1.3 6.4 1.0 9.8 140 The Immigration Commission. Burglary, while not comprising a large part of the criminality of any nationality. group, is pi importance because of its gravity; 6,974 arrests were made for this crime in Chicago during the years from 1905 to 1908. Of such arrests, 5,038 were of American whites, forming 2.9 per cent of the total arrests of that group, or a larger proportion than that found in any immigrant group. The propor- tion of such arrests is nearly as large in the American negro group, being 2.8 per cent. The relatively large proportion which burglary forms of the crimes of Bohemians (1.7 per cent) is also noticeable; ten groups of persons have larger percentages of the total gainful offenses, but trie American whites and negroes alone have larger proportions of burglary. It is true that the Bohemian percentage of burglary is the same as the Canadian and the German, but both of these latter nationalities have higher percentages of the total gainful offenses and of the specific crimes of forgery and fraud, and of larceny and receiving stolen property. The Chinese have the smallest proportion of arrests for burglary of any of the groups shown in the table. Only two of their arrests, or 0.1 per cent, were for this crime. This is only one-fifth the percentage found in the Irish and Swedish groups, which have, next to the Chinese, the smallest proportions of burglary, and only one twenty-ninth that of the American whites. For the crime of extortion only 41 arrests were made in Chicago during the four years from 1905 to 1908. Of these 41 arrests, 25 were those of white Americans, forming 0.015 per cent of all white American arrests, 5 were arrests of Italians, forming 0.068 per cent of Italian arrests, while 5 were cases of Russians, composing 0.054 per cent of Russian arrests. No other nationality has more than 2 arrests (the German), while three groups of offenders (the American negro, the Irish, and the Polish) have only 1 each, and thirteen groups have no arrests for this crime. The largest proportion of arrests for extortion is therefore found in the Italian group, and the second in rank in the Russian group. These two nationalities are the only ones whose percentages exceed that of the American whites. Forgery and fraud are the offenses for which 4,924 of the 300,931 arrests of the four-year period under consideration were made. Although no group of foreign-born persons has a larger percentage of 'arrests for the total gainful offenses than the American whites, one such group exceeds them in proportion of arrests for forgery and fraud. This is the Italian, whose proportion of forgery and fraud is 2.1 per cent, as compared with the American white proportion of 2 per cent. It is also noteworthy that the Danes, who are exceeded in proportion of the total gainful offenses by 1 1 nationalities, have a percentage of forgery and fraud equal to that of the white Ameri- cans, which is exceeded only by that of the Italians. Another strik- ing difference between the relations of various nationalities to the total gainful offenses and to the selected ones of forgery and fraud is shown in the proportion of the latter offenses among the Austrians. The Austrian percentage of the total gainful offenses is less than that of 13 other groups of persons; the Austrian percentage of forgery and fraud is exceeded only by that of the Italians, American whites, and Danes. The Chinese, who have the smallest group percentage Immigration and Crime. 141 of the total gainful offenses, likewise have the smallest proportion of the offenses of forgery and fraud, or 0.1 per cent. Turning to the crimes of larcency and receiving stolen property, which are here grouped together, another immigrant group is found to have a larger proportion of arrests than the American wnite group. This is the Russian, whose proportion of arrests for larceny and receiv- ing stolen property is 9.2 per cent, as compared with the white American proportion of 8 per cent. Although the Russian percentage exceeds that of the white Americans, it is not the greatest appearing in the above table. That of the American negro group exceeds it, being 10.2. All groups, however, except the Russian and the Ameri- can negro, have smaller proportions than the American whites. The smallest is that found in the Chinese group, 1.6 per cent of whose arrests were for larceny and receiving stolen property. This is less than half that of any other group, the Irish percentage, which most nearly approaches it, being 3.7. Robbery is the offense for which 4,422 arrests were made in Chicago during the four years under consideration. Of these 4,422 arrests, 3,047 were arrests of American white offenders, while among no other nationality or color group of persons was the number of arrests for this crime more than 375 (the number of American negroes arrested). Of the total crimes of native-born white persons, robbery forms a larger proportion than of the crimes of any other group, its percentage of the offenses of American whites, which is 1.8, not only being greater than that of the offenses of any foreign-born nationality, but greater than that of the crimes of the American negroes, which is 1.5. Among two of the foreign-born groups robbery forms as large a percentage of all crimes as it does among the American negroes. These two immigrant groups are the Lithuanian and the Norwegian. Of arrests of Chinese for the gainful offenses, only two were for robbery. Thus, as in the case of the total gainful offenses, and of the specific crimes of burglary, forgery, and fraud, larceny and receiving stolen property, and robbery, the Chinese percentage is less than that of any other group of persons, being in the case of robbery one-tenth of 1 Eer cent, or only one-seventh that of the nationality (the Scotch) aving the next lowest percentage, and only one-eighteenth that of the white Americans. 142 The Immigration Commission. OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE. The distribution of arrests for the offenses of personal violence among the nationality and color groups is shown in Table 103. TABLE 84. — Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses: Chicago police arrests, 1905 to 1908. NUMBER. Nationality. All offenses. Offenses of personal violence. Abduc- tion and kid- naping. Simple assault. Violent assault. Homi- cide. Rape. Total. Native-born: White 171,120 24, 814 3,897 4,531 76 6 3 3,881 450 129 212 70 13 26 60 19 697 215 343 228 144 57 863 365 29 53 146 1,721 555 96 99 26 9 8 27 14 304 117 139 257 114 34 597 142 12 49 47 1,315 500 61 46 13 12 13 19 8 206 76 95 231 50 19 288 50 9 18 26 516 84 14 13 8 4 2 8 3 63 31 28 46 4 8 78 31 3 1 13 7,509 1,595 303 370 118 38 49 116 44 1,277 449 605 776 313 118 1,831 593 53 121 234 Negro . Foreign-born: Bohemian 2,126 2,339 1 Chinese Danish 1.137 2,329 913 19,347 4,821 10, 743 7,355 2,582 2,401 19, 575 9.240 1,073 English 2 French German 7 10 Greek Irish Italian 14 1 Lithuanian ... Norwegian Polish 5 5 Russian Scotch Slavonian 1,051 5,446 Swedish 2 Grand total 300, 931 136 8,148 4,464 3,108 968 16,824 Total native-born 195,934 104,997 82 54 4,331 3,817 2,276 2,188 1,815 1,293 600 368 9,104 7,720 Total foreign-born PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. Native-born: White 100.0 0 044 2 3 1 0 0.8 0.30 4.4 Negro 100.0 .024 1.8 2.2 2.0 .34 6.4 Foreign-born: Austrian. 100.0 .077 3.3 2.5 1.6 .36 7.8 Bohemian 100.0 .000 4.7 2.2 1.0 .29 8.2 100.0 047 3.3 1.2 .6 .38 5.6 Chinese 100.0 .000 .6 .4 .5 .17 1.6 Danish 100.0 .000 2.3 .7 1.1 .18 4.3 English... 100.0 .086 2.6 1.2 .8 .34 5.0 French 100.0 .000 2.1 1.5 .9 .329 4.8 German 100.0 .036 3.6 1.6 1.1 .326 6.6 Greek 100.0 .207 4.5 2.4 1.6 .64 9.3 Irish 100.0 .000 3.2 1.3 .9 .26 5.6 Italian 100.0 .190 3.1 3.5 3.1 .63 10.6 Lithuanian 100.0 .039 5.6 4.4 1.9 .15 12.1 100.0 .000 2.4 1.4 .8 .33 4.9 Polish 100.0 .026 4,4 3.0 1.5 .40 9.4 Russian 100.0 .054 4.0 1.5 .5 .34 6.4 Scotch 100.0 .000 2.7 1.1 .8 .28 4.9 Slavonian 100.0 .000 5.0 4.7 1.7 .10 11.5 Swedish 100.0 .037 2.7 .9 .5 .24 4.3 Grand total 100.0 .045 2.7 1.5 1.0 .32 5.6 Total native-born 100.0 .042 2.2 1.2 .9 .31 4.6 Total foreign-bom . . 100.0 .051 3.6 2.1 1.2 -35 7.4 Immigration and Crime. 143 Arrests for each of these offenses form a larger proportion of the total arrests of several of the immigrant groups than of those of the white American group. Although only 136 arrests for abduction and kidnaping were recorded during the four years under investigation, the seriousness of these crimes makes it advisable to observe among which nation- alities they occur. More than half of these arrests (76) were of white Americans, but of the total arrests of this group of persons they form a smaller proportion (0.044 per cent) than do arrests for the same crime of the total arrests of Austrians, Canadians, English, Greeks, Italians, and Russians. The largest proportion is that of the Greeks, which is 0.207 per cent, while the proportion found in the Italian group is only slightly smaller, being 0.190 per cent. Among eight nationalities — Bohemian, Chinese, Danish, French, Irish, Norwegian, Slavonian, and Scotch — no arrests for abduction and kidnaping were made. Simple assault, as shown by the preceding table, is more frequently an offense of most of the immigrant groups than of the native whites. Only the Danes, French, and Chinese (in addition to the American negroes) have smaller percentages of this crime than the white Ameri- cans. As in the case of the total offenses of personal violence, the highest percentage is found among the Lithuanians and Slavonians, the former having 5.6 per cent and the latter 5 per cent. The Italians, however, whose percentage of the total offenses of personal violence is next in rank to that of the Slavonians, have a smaller percentage of arrests for simple assault (3.1) than ten other nationality groups. The greater proportion of simple assault among the crimes of peo- ples from eastern and southern Europe, as of the total offenses of personal violence, is apparent. The nationalities having the six nighest percentages are the Lithuanian, Slavonian, Bohemian, Greek, Polish, and Russian. Of the south and east European peoples, only the Austrians and the Italians are exceeded in percentage of simple assault by any other peoples, and of these other peoples, only the Germans have a larger percentage than the Austrians, and the Cana- dians, Germans, and Irish, than the Italians. Among the Scandi- navian peoples, among those from the British Isles (with the excep- tion of the Irish), among the French, and among both the white and negro Americans, the relative frequency of simple assault is less than among the groups from the east and south of Europe. Violent assault includes all aggravated forms of assault, such as the use of a weapon, mayhem, etc. It is, therefore, a much more serious crime than simple assault. It is notable that in spite of this difference in the gravity of the two kinds of assault, both should be relatively more frequent among the crimes of the Lithuanians and Slavonians than among those of any other peoples. The largest per- centage of arrests for violent assault is that or the Slavonians, wnlle the second in rank is that of the Lithuanians; of arrests for simple assault the Lithuanian percentage is greatest and the Slavonian sec- ond in rank. The position of the Italian group, however, is quite different with regard to the two kinds of assault, its percentage of simple assault being less than the percentages of ten other groups, while its percentage) of violent assault is exceeded only by the Sla- vonian and Lithuanian percentages. 144 The Immigration Commission. All but three of the nationality groups (the Swedish, Danish, and Chinese) have larger percentages of violent assault than the American whites. These three nationalities are the same three which alone "have smaller percentages of the total offenses of personal violence than the white Americans. Violent assault, like the total of the offenses of personal violence and like simple assault, forms a larger proportion of the crimes of the people from Southern and Eastern Europe than of any other with these two exceptions: The American negroes and the Germans have higher percentages than the Russians, and the American negroes than the Bohemians. The six nationality groups having the largest six percentages of violent assault are, however, the Slavonian, Lith- uanian, Italian, Polish, Austrian, and Greek. Gravest of all crimes of personal violence is homicide. Of the 300,931 arrests for clearly defined offenses in Chicago during the four years under investigation, 3,108 were for homicide, accomplished or attempted.0 Although 1,315 of these were the arrests of American whites, homicide forms a smaller part of white American crime than of the criminality of eleven foreign nationality groups and of the American negro. Homicide forms 3.1 per cent of all offenses for which Italians were arrested. Of no other group of persons does it form more than 2 per cent of the total crimes, and this group of whose arrests 2 per cent were for homicide is the American negro. The Italians, Lith- uanians, Slavonians, Austrians, Greeks, and Poles all exceed in rel- ative frequency of homicide the peoples of northern and western Europe and the peoples of North America with the exception of the American negroes. Of the nationalities from the south and east of Europe only the Bohemians and the Russians have smaller percent- age of homicide than any nationality from northern and western Europe. Among the Russians this percentage is remarkably small, no group haying a less percentage, although that of the Swedes and the Chinese is the same (0.5 per cent). Because of the gravity of this offense it is worth while to enumer- ate those groups of offenders having larger proportions of arrests for homicide than the white Americans. They are the following: Italian 3.1 American, negro 2.0 Lithuanian 1. 9 Slavonian 1.7 Austrian 1.6 Greek.. 1.6 Polish 1.5 Danish 1. 1 German 1.1 Bohemian 1. 0 French 9 Irish 9 The proportion of such arrests in the white American group is 0.8 per cent. ,Ten immigrant groups have larger proportions of arrests for the crime of rape than the American white. These ten immigrant groups are the Austrian, Canadian, English, French, German, Greek, Italian, Norwegian, Polish, and 'Russian. Five of these have larger propor- a Homicide, as used in these statistics, includes murder, manslaughter, attempted homicide, and a few cases of "accessory to murder.'! Immigration and Crime. 145 tions than the American negroes. The Greek group has the largest proportion of all, or 0.64 per cent, while the Italian group has nearly as large a proportion, 0.63 per cent. Both of these percentages are Relative frequency of homicide: Chicago police arrests, 1905-1908. NATIONALITY ITALIAN AMERICAN, NEGRO LITHUANIAN SLAVONIAN AUSTRIAN GREEK POLISH DANI SH GERMAN BOHEMIAN FRENCH IRISH AMERICAN, WHITE ENGLISH NORWEGIAN SCOTCH CANADIAN CHINESE RUSSIAN SWEDISH more than twice that of the American white group, which is 0.3 per cent. The smallest proportion is found in the Slavonian group, only 0. 1 per cent of whose arrests were for rape. 146 The Immigration Commission. OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY. From the group of offenses against public policy, the following have been selected for special analysis : TABLE 85. — Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses: Chicago police arrests, 1905 to 1908. NUMBER. Nationality. All offenses. Offenses against public policy. Dis- orderly conduct. Gaming. Offenses of violence. Va- grancy. Viola- tion of city ordi- nances. All other. Total. Native-born: White 171, 120 24, 814 3,897 4,531 2,126 2,339 1,137 2,329 913 19,347 4,821 10, 743 7,355 2,582 2,401 19, 575 9,240 1,073 1,051 5,446 96,614 12, 515 2,279 2,896 1,316 260 702 1,552 516 11,869 1,607 8,224 3,553 1,565 1,728 12,806 4,084 800 667 3,808 11, 598 2,233 181 50 54 1,560 44 49 16 352 636 63 200 55 25 165 418 10 15 151 3,374 708 158 125 32 12 25 46 14 466 118 203 602 105 58 691 140 15 45 113 1,857 183 21 17 10 20 6 24 3 62 12 54 34 1 12 48 60 10 3 25 10, 974 1,026 322 375 150 188 149 148 94 2,008 1,487 608 994 148 144 1,169 1, 631 74 54 441 2,896 550 51 34 36 113 9 20 10 146 31 49 61 7 12 52 99 5 3 26 127, 313 17,215 3,012 3,497 1,598 2,153 935 1,839 653 14,903 3,891 9,201 5,444 1,881 1,979 14, 931 6,432 914 787 4,564 Negro Foreign-born: Austrian ... ... Bohemian Canadian .. . ..... Chinese Danish English French German . . Greek Irish Italian Lithuanian. ....... Norwegian Polish Russian Scotch Slavonian Swedish Grand total Total native-born Total foreign-born 300, 931 171,562 17,988 7,181 2,478 22,725 4,230 226, 164 195, 934 104, 997 109, 129 62, 433 13, 831 4,157 4,082 3,099 2,040 438 12,000 10, 725 3,446 784 144, 528 81,636 PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. Native-born: White 100.0 56.5 6.8 2.0 1.1 6.4 74.4 Negro ..... . 100.0 50.4 9.0 2.9 .7 4.1 69.4 Foreign-born: 100.0 58.5 4.6 4.1 .5 8.3 77.3 100 0 63 9 1 i 2 8 .4 8.3 77.2 Canadian 100.0 61.9 2.5 1.5 .5 ' 7.1 75.2 Chinese . . . 100.0 11.1 66.7 .5 .9 8.0 92.0 Danish 100.0 61.7 3.9 2.2 .5 13.1 82.2 English 100.0 66.6 2.1 2.0 1.0 6.4 79.0 French 100.0 56.5 1.8 1.5 .3 10.3 1.5 German 100.0 61.3 1.8 2.4 .3 10.4 77.0 Greek 100.0 33.3 13.2 2.4 .2 30.8 80.7 Irish 100.0 76.6 .6 1.9 .5 5.7 85.6 Italian .... 100.0 48.3 2.7 8.2 .5 13.5 74.0 Lithuanian 100.0 60.6 2.1 4.1 00 5.7 72.9 Norwegian 100.0 72.0 1.0 2.4 ' .5 6.0 82.4 Polish 100.0 65.4 .8 3.5 .2 6.0 76.3 Russian 100.0 44.2 4.5 1.5 .6 17.7 Scotch 100.0 74.6 .9 1.4 .9 6.9 85.2 Slavonian 100.0 63.5 1.4 4.3 .3 5.1 74.9 Swedish 100.0 69.9 2.8 2.1 .5 8.1 83.8 Grand total 100.0 57.0 6.0 2.4 .8 7.6 75.2 Total native-born 100 0 55.7 7.1 2.1 1.0 6.1 73.8 Total foreign-born 100.0 4.0 3.0 .4 10.2 77.8 o Less than 0. 05 per cent. Immigration and Crime. 147 But one of these (vagrancy) forms a larger proportion of the total crimes of American whites than those of any immigrant group. Dis- onderly conduct, gaming, offenses of violence, and violations of city ordinances occur in larger proportions in the criminality of various immigrant groups than in the criminality of the white American group. Nearly three-fifths ( 57 per cent) of all arrests for known offenses were for disorderly conduct, the number of such arrests being 171,562. " Disorderly conduct" may stand for so many minor violations of the law, and probably includes so large a proportion of cases of drunken- ness,0 that it reveals little. In observing the distribution of arrests for such offenses among the various nationalities, practically all that can be assumed is that these arrests represent a minor sort of crimi- nality. Thirteen of the foreign groups have larger proportions of such arrests than the American whites, of whose total arrests they com- pose 56.5 per cent. Of the total number of Irish immigrants arrested, 76.6 per cent were charged with disorderly conduct, a larger propor- tion than that found in any other group. The Scotch are second in rank, with 74.6 per cent; the Norwegians third, with 72 per cent; the Swedes fourth, with 69.9 per cent, and the English fifth, with 66.6 per cent. In addition to these nationalities, the Polish, Bohemian, Sla- vonian, Canadian, Danish, German, Lithuanian, and Austrian all exceed the American white group in percentage of arrests for disor- derly conduct. Of all the groups shown in the table only one has less than one-third of its arrests of this character. This group is the Chinese, whose proportion of arrests for disorderly conduct is only 11.1 per cent. While the Chinese percentage of disorderly conduct is less than that of all other groups, its proportions of arrests for gaming, or gambling, is much greater than that of any other group. Of the 2,339 Chinese arrested for all crimes, 1,560, or 66.7 per cent were charged with gaming. This percentage is so much in excess of that of any other group as to make the Chinese stand out prominently in respect to this offense. The percentage next in rank is only 13.2 (that of the Greeks), or one-fifth the Chinese percentage. The Chinese and Greek, however, are the only immigrant groups exceeding the American white in proportion of arrests for gaming, although the American negroes, in addition to the Chinese and Greeks, have a larger propor- tion than the American whites. The American negro proportion is 9 per cent and the American white 6.8 per cent. Thus, sixteen of the eighteen foreign nationalities have smaller proportions of arrests of this character than each of the American groups. The smallest pro- portion is that of the Irish group, or 0.6 per cent. Offenses of violence against public policy consist of carrying con- cealed weapons, resisting an officer, and riot. They thus are similar in character to offenses of personal violence, and certain nationali- ties which stand out prominently with respect to offenses of personal violence 6 occupy similar positions with respect to offenses of vio- lence against public policy. While the comparative relations of the various nationalities is not the same, the three groups having the largest percentages of offenses of personal violence are exceeded in o The Chicago police reports contain no statement of arrests for drunkenness. 6 See Table 84. 148 The Immigration Commission. percentage of offenses of violence against public policy by no nation- ality. These latter offenses form 8.2 per cent of all crimes of Italians, 4.3 per cent of those of Slavonians, and 4.1 per cent of those of Lithuanians. With the exception of the Austrians, whose percentage is the same as that of the Lithuanians (4.1), no group of persons has Relative frequency of offenses of violence against public policy: Chicago police arrestsy 1905-1908. NATIONALITY 8 10 ITALIAN SLAVONIAN AUSTRIAN LITHUANIAN POLISH AMERICAN, NEGRO BOHEMIAN GERMAN GREEK NORWEGIAN DANISH SWEDISH AMERICAN, WHITE ENGLISH IRISH CANADIAN FRENCH RUSSIAN SCOTCH CHINESE a higher percentage than 3.5. The relation of the Chinese to other nationalities is the same with regard to offenses of violence against public policy as with regard to offenses of personal violence; a smaller percentage of their crimes than of the total crimes of any other group of persons is made up of these two classes of crime. Immigration and Crime. 149 Among eleven, or more than half, of the groups of foreign birth, and among the American negroes, these offenses are relatively more frequent than among the American whites. Among the Irish, Cana- dians, French, Russians, Scotch, and Chinese they form a smaller proportion of the total criminality, while their proportion of English crimes is the same as that of the crimes of the white Americans, or 2 per cent. V agrancy forms less than 1 per cent of the total offenses of every group except the American white and the English. The former group has the largest proportion, 1.1 per cent, and the latter the second in rank, 1 per cent. Thus every immigrant group is exceeded in per- centage of arrests for vagrancy by the American white. Two immi- grant groups, however, have larger proportions of such arrests than the American negro. These are the Chinese and the Scotch, each of which has 0.9 per cent, while the American negro group has 0.7 per cent. Of the various groups shown in this table the Lithuanian has the smallest proportion, only 1 of its arrests, or less than five one- hundredths of 1 per cent, being for vagrancy. While violations of city ordinances are not essentially a valuable index of the character of criminality, the prevalence of such offenses among the nationalities is of interest. The large percentage of these offenses among the Greeks (30.8 per cent), more than twice that of any nationality except the Russian, is striking. The Greek percent- age is nearly five times that of the American whites (6.4) and more than seven times that of the American negroes (4.1). It is notable that twelve of the eighteen foreign nationalities have larger percent- ages of violations of city ordinances than the American whites. The English, Norwegian, Polish, Irish, Lithuanian, and Slavonian (in addition to the American negro) are the groups having smaller pro- portions of arrests than the American white group, the smallest pro- portion, 5.1 per cent, being that of the Slavonians. OFFENSES AGAINST CHASTITY. There remains the group of offenses against chastity. Of the various crimes constituting this group, only those of prostitution have been selected for further survey. 150 The Immigration Commission. Immigration and Crime. 151 TABLE 86. — Offenses against cfiastity compared with all offenses: Chicago police arrests, 1905 to 1908. NUMBER. Nationality. All oi- fenses. Offenses against chastity. Crimes of prostitu- tion. All others. Total. Native-born: White 171, 120 24,814 7,077 1,625 1,057 253 8,134 1,878 Foreign-born: 3,897 4,531 2,126 2,339 1,137 2,329 913 19,347 4,821 10,743 7,355 2,582 2,401 19, 575 9,240 1,073 1,051 5,446 136 46 72 101 20 64 94 399 43 114 172 16 46 161 733 15 9 81 45 49 13 1 4 12 12 160 47 33 52 39 13 259 97 4 22 59 181 95 85 102 24 76 106 659 90 147 224 55 59 420 830 19 31 140 Canadian Chinese English German Greek . ... Irish Italian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Russian Scotch Slavonian Swedish Grand total 300,931 11, 143 2,303 13,446 Total native-born ....... . ...... 195, 934 104,997 8,702 2,441 1,310 993 10,012 3,434 Total foreign-born PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. Native-born: White 100 0 4.1 4.8 Negro . ....... . ............... .............. 100.0 6.5 7.6 Foreign-born: Austrian . . . 100.0 3.5 4.6 Bohemian 100 0 1.0 2.1 Canadian 100.0 3.4 4.0 Chinese 100.0 4.3 4.4 Danish 100.0 1.8 2.1 English . . 100 0 2.7 3-3 French 100 0 10 3 11.6 German 100.0 2.1 2.9 Greek 100 0 .9 1.9 Irish 100.0 1.1 1.4 Italian .. 100 0 2.3 3.0 Lithuanian 100 0 .6 2 1 Norwegian ... 100.0 1.9 2.5 Polish 100 0 .8 2.1 100.0 7.9 9.0 Scotch 100 0 1.4 1.8 Slavonian 100.0 .9 2.9 Swedish 100.0 1.5 2.6 Grand total 100.0 3.7 4.5 Total native-born ... 100 0 4 4 5.2 Total foreign-born 100.0 2.3 3.3 It here appears that practically the same relation of the nation- alities exists as in the figures grouping all offenses against chastity together. The French show the largest proportion of crimes of prostitution, or 10.3 per cent — almost two and a half times that of the white Americans — while the Russians have the next highest 152 The Immigration Commission. proportion, or 7.9 per cent, which is nearly twice that of the Amer- ican whites. These and the Chinese are the only groups of foreign- born persons exceeding the American whites in percentage of these crimes. The latter, however, have a smaller percentage than the American negroes, the American white proportion being 4.1 per cent and the American negro 6.5 per cent. The proportion found in the Lithuanian group is the smallest appearing in the above table; it is 0.6 per cent. Three other groups have less than 1 per cent of their arrests consisting of those for crimes of prostitution — the Polish (0.8 per cent), and the Greek and Slavonian (0.9 per cent each). Relative frequency of crimes of prostitution: Chicago police arrests, 1905-1908. NATIONALITY FRENCH RUSSIAN AMERICAN, NEGRO CHINE SE AMERICAN, WHITE AUSTRIAN CANADIAN ENGLISH ITALIAN SUMMARY. Arrests for that group of offenses designated as " gainful " form a smaller proportion of the total arrests of every immigrant nationality than of the total arrests of the native-born whites or negroes. When analysis is made of the various crimes gathered in this category, only two groups of foreign-born offenders are found to have larger percent- ages of arrests for any of them than the American-born whites. These two immigrant groups are those coming from Italy and Russia, the percentage of arrests for forgery and fraud of the former being greater than that of the white Americans, and for larceny and receiv- ing stolen property of the latter, while arrests for extortion form a larger percentage of the total arrests of both the Italians and Russians than of the total arrests of the American whites. In the case of forgery and fraud, the Italian percentage is not only greater than that of the American whites, but greater than that of the American negroes. In the case of larceny and receiving stolen property, the percentage of the American negroes is greater than that of the Russians, although the latter percentage is in excess of the Immigration and Crime. 153 percentage of the white Americans. With regard to burglary and robbery, however, no group of immigrant offenders has a higher percentage than either the American white or the American negro group, although of arrests for robbery the percentages of the Lith- uanian and Norwegian groups equal the American negro percentage. Arrests for burglary and for robbery form larger proportions of the total arrests of American whites than of those of American negroes. Of ah1 groups of offenders, the Chinese has the smallest percentage of arrests for the gainful offenses, not only when these offenses are considered in the aggregate, but also when the specific crimes of burglary, forgery and fraud, larceny and receiving stolen goods, and robbery are considered separately. The relations of the other nationalities differ so much with regard to the various specific gainful offenses that no cumulative evidence con- cerning any of them appears. The most striking revelation of the figures is that the arrests of immigrant offenders are less frequently for the gainful offenses than are those of American white offenders (with the exception of the arrests of Italians for extortion and for forgery and fraud and of Russians for extortion and for larceny and receiving stolen property) . TABLE 87. — Relative frequency of gainful offenses: Chicago police arrests, 1905 to 1908. Nationality. Percent. Nationality. Percent. All gainful offenses. American Negro 15.4 Extortion. Italian 0.068 American White 14 8 Russian .054 Russian. 12.4 American, White .015 Canadian 12 2 German .010 Italian 11.4 Irish.. .009 German . . 11.1 Polish .005 Lithuanian 10 8 004 English 10.7 Polish 10 7 / French 10.5 Bohemian 10 0 Italian.. . 2.1 Danish 9 6 American White 2 0 Slavonian 9.5 Danish A 2.0 Austrian 9 2 Austrian ... 1 7 8 5 Canadian 1 6 Greek 7.6 German .6 Swedish 7 5 English 5 Scotch .... . 6.6 Russian ... .5 Irish 5 6 Lithuanian .... .4 Chinese 1 9 Swedish 3 Norwegian .... . . .2 Burglary French 1 Bohemian .0 2.9 Greek .. .0 American Negro 2 8 American Negro g Bohemian .7 Slavonian ... . . .8 Canadian ...... .7 Irish .7 German . 7 Polish 7 Polish .5 Scotch. ... .6 English .3 Chinese .1 •\ ustrian 2 Italian .2 Larceny and receiving stolen property. Danish . .1 Scotch American Negro 10 2 Norwegian 1.0 Russian 9.2 Russian 1.0 American White 8 0 Slavonian 1 0 Canadian 7 g Greek . . . .9 French 7 8 Lithuanian .9 Polish 7 i French .8 Italian 7.0 Irish .5 Lithuanian . . 7.0 Swedish .5 6.9 Chinese... .1 6.9 79340°— VOL 3&— 11 11 154 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 87. — Relative frequency of gainful offenses: Chicago police arrests, 1905 to 1908 — Continued. Nationality. Per cent. Nationality. Per cent. Larceny and receiving stolen property- Continued. English 6 8 Robbery — continued . Polish 1 4 Bohemian 6.0 Bohemian 1.3 Danish 5.7 English 1.1 Austrian 5.4 Canadian 1.0 Swedish > 5.0 Italian * 1.0 Greek 4.9 Austrian .9 Norwegian 4.7 French .9 Scotch 4 2 Slavonian .9 Irish 3.7 German .8 Chinese 1.6 Greek .8 Danish .7 Robbery. Irish , .7 Russian .7 American White 1 8 Swedish .7 American Negro 1.5 Scotch .7 1 5 Chinese .1 Norwegian 1.5 With regard to the offenses of personal violence, four facts stand out clearly in Table 88, which sums up the relations of the several nationalities to them: (1) That of the arrests of most of the foreign- born groups, those for offenses of personal violence form larger pro- portions than they do of the arrests of the American whites ; (2) that of this class of crimes the Lithuanians, Slavonians, and Italians have larger proportions of arrests than any other nationalities; (3) that the Chinese alone have a smaller percentage of arrests for the whole group of offenses of personal violence and for the specific crimes of simple assault, violent assault, and homicide than the white Ameri- cans; and (4) that the relative frequency of arrests is less among American negro offenders for the offenses of personal violence as a class, and for simple and violent assault considered separately, than among a considerable number of the foreign nationalities, the percent- age of arrests among the American negroes appearing large only in the case of homicide, and even here being exceeded by that of the Italians. TABLE 88. — Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence: Chicago police arrests, 1905 to 1908. Nationality. Per cent. Nationality. Per cent. All offenses of personal violence. 12 1 Abduction and kidnaping. Greek 0.207 11 5 Italian .190 Italian 10.6 English . .086 Polish. 9 4 .077 Greek 9.3 Russian .054 8 2 .047 7 8 American White .044 6.6 Lithuanian .039 6 4 Swedish .037 6 4 German .036 5.6 Polish .026 Irish 5 6 .024 English 5 0 4.9 Chinese 4 g Danish .. 4 8 4 4 Irish 4 3 4 3 Chinese... 1.6 Scotch Immigration and Crime. 155 TABLE 88. — Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence: Chicago police arrests, 1905 to 1908— Continued. Nationality. Per cent. Nationality. Per cent. Simple assault. 5.6 Homicide. Italian.. 3 1 5 0 American Negro 2 o Bohemian . . .... 4.7 Lithuanian . 9 Greek 4.5 Slavonian 7 Polish 4.4 A ustrian ,T T ,„ 6 4.0 Greek g 3 6 Polish 5 Austrian .... 0 O Danish.. 1 3 3 German 1 1 Irish 3.2 Rnhp.mian ,, , , 1.0 Italian 3.1 French.. 9 Swedish... 2.7 Irish .9 Scotch 2.7 American White .8 English 2 6 English 3 Norwegian 2.4 Norwegian .8 American White 2 3 Scotch .8 Danish 2 3 Canadian 6 French 2.1 Chinese .5 1 8 Russian 5 Chinese .6 Swedish .5 Violent assault. Slavonian ........ 4.7 Rape. Greek .64 4.4 Italian 63 Italian 3 5 Polish .40 Polish 3 0 Canadian 38 Austrian 2.5 Austrian .36 Greek 2 4 American Negro.. . .34 2 2 English 34 Bohemian ... 2 2 Russian. .34 German 1 6 Norwegian 33 French.. 1.5 French .329 Russian 5 German .326 4 American White 30 Irish 3 Bohemian .29 Canadian 2 Scotch 28 English . .2 Irish .26 Scotch 1 Swedish 24 American White 1 0 18 Swedish . . . .9 Chinese .17 Danish 7 Lithuanian 15 Chinese . ... .4 Slavonian .10 The total of offenses against public policy is proportionally greater among the Chinese offenses than among those of any other national! ty. This is chiefly due to the large number of Chinese gambling cases. Of offenses of violence against public policy the Italians, Slavonians, Austrians, and Lithuanians have the highest percentages of arrests. This is significant when it is remembered that three of these, the Italians, Slavonians, and Lithuanians, have the greatest relative frequency of arrests for offenses of personal violence. The violation of city ordinances is far more common among the Greeks than among any other group of persons. The higher percentage of arrests for vagrancy among the American whites and the English than among any other nationalities is also noteworthy. With the exception of vagrancy, the offenses against public policy are more common among most of the immigrant groups than among the native white group. 156 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 89. — Relative frequency of offenses against public policy: Chicago police arrests, 1905 to 1908. Nationality. Per cent. Nationality. Per cent. All offenses against public policy. Offenses of violence. Italian 8.2 Irish 85.6 Slavonian Austrian 4,3 4.1 Swedish Norwegian Danish... Greek English Austrian 83.8 82.4 82.2 80.7 79.0 77.3 Lithuanian Polish American, Negro Bohemian German. . . Greek Norwegian 4.1 3.5 2.9 2.8 2.4 2.4 2.4 German. . . Polish Canadian Slavonian American, White Italian Lithuanian 77.0 76.3 75.2 74.9 74.4 74.0 72.9 Danish Swedish American, White English Irisli Canadian French Russian 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.5 Russian American, Negro Disorderly conduct. Irish 69.6 69.4 76.6 Scotch Chinese Vagrancy. American, White 1.4 .5 1.1 Scotch .... 74 6 English 1 0 Norwegian 72 0 Chinese 9 Swedish 69 9 Scotch 9 English 66 6 American Negro 7 Polish 65.4 Russian . . .6 Bohemian . . 63 9 Austrian 5 Slavonian 63 5 Canadian . 5 Canadian 61 9 Danish .5 Danish 61 7 Irish 5 German 61 3 Italian .5 Lithuanian 60 6 Norwegian 5 Austrian 58.5 Swedish American, White 56 5 Bohemian .4 French 56.5 French .3 American, Negro 50 4 German .3 Italian 48 3 Slavonian 2 Russian » 44 2 Greek 2 Greek 33 3 Polish .2 Chinese 11 1 Lithuanian (a) Gaming. Chinese 66 7 Violation of city ordinances. Greek 30.8 Greek 13 2 Russian 17 7 American, Negro 9 0 Italian 13.5 American, White 6 8 Danish 13 1 Austrian 4.6 German 10.4 Russian 4 5 French 10.3 Danish 3 9 Austrian 8 3 Swedish 2 8 Bohemian 8.3 Italian 2 7 Swedish 8 1 Canadian 2.5 Chinese 8.0 English 2 1 Canadian 7.1 Lithuanian 2 1 Scotch 6 9 French 1.8 American, White 6.4 German 1 8 English 6.4 Slavonian 1.4 Norwegian : . . . 6.0 Bohemian 1 i PoMsh 6.0 Norwegian 1 0 Irish 5.7 Scotch .9 Lithuanian 5.7 Polish .8 Slavonian 5.1 Irish 6 American Negro 4.1 a Less than 0.05 per cent. The figures of offenses against chastity, as presented in Table 90, show that the greatest proportion of such offenses is found among the French offenders and that crimes of prostitution form a larger percentage of the .total crimes of that nationality than of those of any other. With the exception of the French and Russian immigrant groups, offenses against chastity taken as a whole, and crimes of Immigration and Crime. 157 prostitution considered separately, are mora frequent causes of arrest among American white offenders than among those of any foreign- born group, although they form larger percentages of the crimes of American negroes than they do of the crimes of American whites. The American negro percentage is, however, in both instances less than the French or Russian. TABLE 90. — Relative frequency of offenses against chastity: Chicago police arrests, 1905 to 1908. Nationality. Per cent. Nationality. Per cent. All offenses against chastity. French 11 6 Crimes of prostitution. French 10 3 Russian . .... 9.0 Russian 7 9 American Negro 7.6 American Neero 6 5 American, W hite 4.8 Chinese . 4 3 Austrian 4.6 American, White 4 1 Chinese 4.4 Austrian 3.5 Canadian 4.0 Canadian 3 4 English 3.3 English 2.7 Itauan . . 3.0 Italian . 2 3 German 2.9 German 2 1 Slavonian 2.9 Norwegian ... 1 9 Swedish 2.6 Danish 8 Norwegian 2.5 Swedish 5 Bohemian 2.1 Scotch 4 Danish 2.1 Irish 1 Tjit.hiianjan 2.1 Bohemian . . . o Polish 2 1 Greek g Greek 1.9 Slavonian .. 9 Scotch 1.8 Polish g Irish 1.4 Lithuanian 6 CHAPTER X. THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. COMMITMENTS TO PENAL INSTITUTIONS. Periodic reports of all commitments are made to the State board of prison commissioners by all penal institutions in Massachusetts. These reports show the country of birth of each offender and (with the exception of those from the State farm °) of his father, together with the crime for which he was committed and other personal data. From these records much valuable information regarding the crimi- nality of immigrants and natives may be obtained. In the yearly reports of the Massachusetts board of prison commissioners some of this information is published, but no figures are given showing the correlation of nativity and parentage with specific crimes. In order to make available more of the data contained in these excellent records, agents were employed by the Immigration Com- mission to copy from the original reports filed with the State board of prison commissioners data showing country of birth, country of birth of father, and crime for which committed, of all persons com- mitted to Massachusetts penal institutions during the year ending September 30, 1909. These data were then tabulated to conform as nearly as possible to the other tabulated data on crime that have been compiled by the Immigration Commission. In the returns obtained from the Massachusetts records there appear a number of commitments of persons unconvicted of crime but confined in penal institutions to await trial. So far as possible these were excluded from the tables prepared. The tabular results are therefore designed to show only convicted persons committed to penal institutions throughout the State of Massachusetts during the period of one year. Because of failure definitely to report the offenses a few cases must be omitted from the analysis. To avoid confusion these cases are not included in any of the tables, and the total number of com- mitments shown here is thus rendered somewhat less than the actual number. This difference, however, is only slight and does not seriously detract from the value of the data. The total number of commitments for known offenses during the period covered was 31,646. The distribution of these commitments by character of institution is as follows: Jails and houses of correction 27, 092 Massachusetts reformatory 705 Jleformatory prison for women 335 State prison 198 State farm 3, 316 Total 31,646 <* The reports of the State farm alone fail to show the country of birth of the offender's father. 159 160 The Immigration Commission. As the reports of the State farm do not show the country of birth of the fathers of offenders, and are therefore not wholly comparable with those of other institutions, it has been deemed advisable to separate its 3,316 commitments from the others. The total number of commitments contained in the combined tabulation of all institu- tions other than the State farm is therefore 28,330. The analysis has been confined to these. In 10 of these 28,330 cases no report was made of either the country of birth of the offender or of his father. From the discussion of the various nativity and parentage groups these 10 cases must therefore be excluded. Some of the countries of birth of foreign-born offenders, and of the fathers of native-born offenders, furnish such small quotas that they have not been retained as separate groups in the analysis, although included in the totals of the general nativity and parentage groups. The distinct groups whose relations to crime are analyzed and the total commitments of each are as follows: TABLE 91. — Commitments to penal institutions in Massachusetts, October lt 1908, to September 30, 1909, by nativity and parentage of offender. [This table does not include commitments to the State farm.] Nativity and parentage. Commit- ments. Nativity and parentage. Commit- ments. Native-born of native father 5,288 Foreign-born — Continued Native-born of foreign father, by country Ireland. . . 6,351 of birth of father: Italy 450 Canada 1,176 Poland 220 England 529 Russia 573 Germany ... 200 Scotland . 439 Ireland 7 278 Sweden 281 Scotland . . 271 Foreign-born: Grand total a 28, 330 Austria-Hungary 237 Canada 2.675 Native-born of foreign father 9 810 England 1 036 Total native-born 6 15 219 Finland 201 F oreign-born 13 101 Germany . 155 a Includes 10 commitments of persons not reporting nativity. fc Includes 121 commitments of persons not reporting parentage. Immigration and Crime. 161 CLASSES OF CRIME. These commitments are shown by classes of crime in the following table : TABLE 92. — Distribution of classes of crime: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909. NUMBER. Nativity and parentage. Total. Gainful offenses. Offenses of per- sonal violence. Offenses against public policy. Offenses avainst chastity. Unclassi- fied offenses. Native-torn of native father 5,288 1,090 278 3,598 203 119 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of lather: Canada . .. 1,176 220 52 831 43 30 529 76 23 400 12 18 Germany 200 36 8 138 5 13 Ireland 7,278 726 260 6,074 113 105 Scotland . 271 38 4 212 9 8 Foreign-born: \ustria-Hungary 237 31 54 146 3 3 Canada 2,675 308 134 2,038 134 01 Fnpland 1.036 78 55 848 29 26 Finland 201 11 14 173 1 ' 2 Germany 155 30 12 104 5 4 Ireland 6,351 2*2 189 5,718 70 92 Italy . . 450 93 108 188 50 11 Poland 220 33 36 147 3 1 Russia 573 95 89 357 17 15 Scotland 439 37 12 376 8 6 Sweden 281 16 13 243 5 4 Grand total o2S,330 3,481 1,440 22,099 765 545 Native-born of fore'gn father 9,810 1,216 378~ 7,835 198~ '' 183 Total native-born i>15,219 2,361 657 11,493 405 303 Foreign-born 13,101 1,119 783 10,597 360 242 PER CENT OF TOTAL NUMBER. Nativity and parentage. Total. Gainful offenses. Offenses of per- sonal violence. Offenses against public policy. Offenses against chastity. Unclassi- fied offenses. Native-born of native father 100.0 20.6 5.3 68.0 3.8 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Canada . . ........... 100.0 18.7 4.4 70.7 3.7 England 100 0 14 4 4.3 75 6 2.3 Germany 100.0 18.0 4.0 69.0 2.5 Ireland 100.0 10 0 3.6 83.5 1.6 Scotland 100.0 14.0 1.5 78.2 3.3 Foreign-born: Aus tria-H ungar v 100 0 13 1 22 8 61 6 1 3 Canada '. 100.0 11.5 5.0 76.2 5.0 Encland 100.0 7.5 5.3 81.9 2.8 Finland 100.0 5.5 7.0 86.1 .5 Germany 100.0 19.4 7.7 67.1 3.2 Ireland 100.0 4 4 3 0 90 0 1 1 Italy 100.0 20.7 24.0 41.8 11.1 Poland . . 100.0 15.0 16.4 66 8 1.4 Rtissia 100.0 16 6 15 5 62 3 3 0 Scotland 100.0 8.4 2.7 85.6 1.8 Sweden . 100.0 5.7 4.6 86.5 1.8 G rand total 100.0 12.3 5.1 78.0 2.7 Native-born of foreign father 100 0 12 4 3 9 79 9 2 0 Total native-born 100.0 15.5 4.3 75.5 2.7 Foreign-born 100.0 8.5 6.0 SO 9 2.7 " Includes 10 commitments of persons not reporting nativity. *> Includes 121 commitments oi persons not reporting parentage. 162 The Immigration Commission. This table shows that only one group of immigrant offenders has a larger proportion of commitments for the gainful offenses than the group of those native-born of native father. This unique immigrant group is that of Italian birth, of whose total commitments those for the gainful offenses form 20.7 per cent. Between this percentage and that of the native-born of native father, however, the difference is slight, the latter being 20.6 per cent. Not only does no immigrant group except that of Italian birth have so high a percentage of com- mitments for the gainful offenses as that of the native-born of non- immigrant parentage, but the percentage of none of the groups of American-born offenders of foreign father equals it. Indeed, two groups of the foreign-born — those from Italy and Germany — exceed all American-born groups of foreign parentage in percentage of the gainful offenses. Five of the immigrant nationalities, however — the Scotch, English, Swedish, Finnish, and Irish — have smaller percentages than any group of native-born offenders having immigrant fathers. The smallest proportion of commitments for the gainful offenses is that of foreign-born offenders from Ireland, of whose total com- mitments these form but 4.4 per cent. Of native-born offenders of foreign parentage, those whose fathers come from Ireland have the smallest proportion, 10 per cent, although this percentage is greater than that of the foreign-born groups from Ireland, Finland, Sweden, England, and Scotland. The largest percentage found among the groups of native birth but foreign parentage is that of persons whose fathers emigrated from Canada. Of their total commitments 18.7 per cent were for the gainful offenses, a proportion exceeded only by those of the Italian and German foreign groups and the group native- born of native father. Of the five groups native-born of foreign parentage, four have larger percentages than the foreign groups from their fathers' country of birth. The single exception is that of persons born in the United States whose fathers came from Germany, their percentage being 18, while that of persons of German birth is 19.4. The groups of Canadian, English, Irisn, and Scotch parentage have respectively larger per- centages than the groups of Canadian, English, Irish, and Scotch birth. Six of the 11 immigrant groups appearing in the preceding table have higher percentages of commitments for offenses of personal vio- lence than the group of persons native-born of native father. Of these six the Italian has the largest percentage, offenses of personal violence causing 24 per cent of all the commitments of persons born in Italy. Next in rank is the Austro-Hungarian group, whose percentage is 22.8. Following this is the Polish percentage, which is 16.4, and fourth in rank is the Russian group, 15.5 per cent of whose commit- ments were for offenses of personal violence. The other two immi- grant groups having larger percentages than the percentage belong- ing to persons native-born of native father are the German and Finnish, in both of which offenses of personal violence play a much smaller part than in the four immigrant groups first mentioned. The German percentage is 7.7 and the Finnish 7. Considerable less than that of any of these six groups is the proportion of commitments for offenses of personal violence of native-born offenders of native father, being 5.3 per cent. Immigration and Crime. 163 Although six immigrant groups have higher percentages of com- mitments for offenses of personal violence than the group of persons native-born of native father, not one of the five groups of American- born children of immigrants has a higher parcentage. This appears less remarkable, however, when it is observed that only one or these five groups (that of German descent) consists of persons whose fathers came from any of the countries of birth of the six immigrant groups above referred to (Italy, Austria-Hungary, Poland, Russia, Germany, and Finland). This is probably chiefly due to the fact that all of these nationalities except the German are of comparatively recent immigration and thus have not large numbers of American- born children of criminal age. But it is a striking fact that five of the six immigrant groups exhibiting greater relative frequency of offenses of personal violence than that shown by the group of persons native-born of nonimmigrant parentage should come from countries which are the sources of much of our recent immigration. The position of the groups of Irish and Scotch birth, and of those composed of American-born persons of Irish and Scotch parentage, is interesting. These four groups have smaller percentages than any others; the native-born of Scotch parentage has the smallest of all, the foreign-born Scotch the next, the foreign-born Irish the third, and the native-born of Irish parentage the fourth in ascending order. The relations of the native-born groups of foreign parentage to the corresponding groups of foreign birth are rather unlike those shown by the figures of commitments for the gainful offenses. The latter show, in the main, a greater relative frequency of commitments for offenses of personal violence among the groups of persons native-born of foreign father than among the corresponding groups of the foreign- born, four of the five native groups of foreign parentage (that of Irish parentage being the exception) having smaller percentages than the corresponding immigrant groups. Offenses against public policy caused a greater number of commit- ments to penal institutions in Massachusetts during the year ending September 30, 1909, than all other crimes combined, the number of such commitments being 22,099. These commitments form, as shown by the above table, over half of the total commitments of every nationality and parentage group, except that of Italian birth, of whose total commitments they com- prise 41.8 per cent. Of the offenses of persons of Irish birth, 90 per cent were against public policy; of those of persons born in Sweden, 86.5 per cent; of the crimes of immigrants from Finland, 86.1 per cent; of the criminal acts of Scotch immigrants, 85.6 per cent; of those of persons of English birth, 81.9 per cent; and of the total criminality of persons emigrating from Canada, 76.2 per cent. In addition to these six immigrant groups, offenses against public policy compose over 75 per cent of the crimes of American-born offenders or Irish, Scotch, and English parentage, their percentage of the first being 83.5 per cent, of the second, 78.2 per cent, and of the third, 75.6 per cent. Thus, in nine of the seventeen different nativity and parentage groups appearing in the table, more than three- fourths of the total criminality consists of acts ' ' against public policy." Of the total commitments of the foreign-born from Ireland, they form the largest proportion, 90 per cent. Of those of the foreign-born from Italy, they comprise the smallest, 41.8 per cent. 164 The Immigration Commission. Six of the 11 immigrant groups of offenders— those from Ireland, Sweden, Finland, Scotland, England, and Canada — and all of the five groups of native-born offenders of immigrant parentage have higher percentages of commitments for offenses against public policy than the native-born of nonimmigrant parentage. Of the immigrant groups, that of Irish birth has the largest per- centage, while of the American-born groups, that of Irish parentage has the largest. Next in rank to that of immigrant offenders from Ireland are the percentages of those from Sweden and Finland, neither of which countries is represented in the parentage of the native-born §roups shown in the above table. After these, the percentage of the cotch is next in order among the foreign-born groups, while among the native-born groups that of Scotch parentage ranks second in order of percentage. Following that of the foreign-born from Scotland is the percentage of the group of English birth among the immigrant groups, while that of native-born persons of English parentage is next among the native-born groups to that of the group of Scotch parent- age. Further than this, the percentage of offenders born in Canada and those of Canadian parentage are respectively next in rank among the immigrant and nonimmigrant groups; while immigrants from Germany and American-born children of immigrants from the same country respectively occupy the immediately following places among the foreign and native groups. A definite order of relative frequency of commitments for these offenses against public policy is thus found among the different groups of immigrants and American-born children of immigrants. This is more clearly shown by the following table, in which the various groups of native- and foreign-born offenders are arranged in parallel columns in descending order of their percentages of commitments for these offenses : Immigrants. Natives. Country of birth. Per cent. Country of birth of father. Per cent. Ireland 90.0 Ireland 83.5 86 5 Scotland 78 2 86.1 England 75.6 85 6 Canada .. 70.7 81.9 Germany 69.0 Canada 76.2 Germany 67.1 It will be observed that each of the native-born groups of foreign parentage, except that of German parentage, has a larger percentage than the corresponding immigrant group. During the year under consideration offenses against chastity caused fewer commitments than any of the three classes of crime already analyzed. Of the 28,330 commitments for all crimes, only 765, or 2.7 per cent, were for offenses of this nature. Offenses against chastity are shown by Table 92 to have formed a far larger proportion of the crimes of immigrants from Italy, 11.1 per cent, than of the crimes of any other group of immigrants or of any group of native-born persons. Next in rank is their pro- portion of the crimes of immigrant offenders from Canada, of whose Immigration and Crime. 165 total commitments 5 per cent were for offenses against chastity. Immediately following these two groups of offenders in relative fre- quency of offenses against chastity is the group of native-born persons of native parentage, of whose total crimes these compose 3.8 per cent. Thus, only two groups of persons, and both of these of foreign birth, have larger percentages of offenses against chastity than the native- born of nonimmigrant parentage. Of the crimes of foreign-born persons from Finland they form the smallest proportion of all, only 1 of the 201 commitments of this group, or one-half of 1 per cent, having been for an "offense against chastity." GAINFUL OFFENSES. The several gainful offenses and the number of commitments for each are shown by nativity and parentage of offenders in the following table: TABLE 93 . — Gainful offenses compared with all offenses: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909, NUMBER. Nativity and parentage. All of- fenses. Gainful offenses. Burglary. Extor- tion. Forgery and fraud. Larceny and receiving stolen goods. Robbery. Total. Native-born of native father Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Canada 5,288 1,176 529 200 7.278 271 237 2,675 1,036 201 155 6,351 450 220 573 439 281 171 43 17 6 106 6 5 35 8 1 43 1 1 1 14 2 839 171 57 27 587 25 24 253 67 8 24 243 62 24 77 35 12 36 5 1 2 19 5 2 7 1 1 1 5 9 1,090 220 76 36 726 38 31 308 78 11 30 282 93 33 95 37 16 Germany Scotland Foreign-born: Canada 13 2 2 2 8 6 2 3 1 1 England Finland 3 26 16 7 10 Ireland . . Italy Poland Russia 5 1 Scotland Sweden 3 Grand total • 28,330 498 1 112 2,752 118 3,481 Native-born of foreign father Total native-born . 9,810 615,219 13, 101 188 372 126 25 69 43 959 1,836 915 44 83 35 1,216 2,361 1,119 1 • Includes 10 commitments of persons not reporting nativity. » Includes 121 commitments of persons not reporting parentage. 166 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 93. — Gainful offenses compared with all offenses: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909— Continued. PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. Gainful o ffenses. Nativity and parentage. All of- fenses. Burglary. Extor- tion. Forgery and fraud. Larceny and receiving stolen goods. Robbery. Total. Native-born of native father 100.0 3.2 (0) 0.8 15 9 0.7 20.6 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Canada 100.0 3.7 0 0 1 14 5 4 18 7 England . 100 0 3 2 0 2 10 8 2 14 4 Germany 100 0 3 0 0 5 13 5 1 0 18 0 Ireland 100.0 1 5 0 2 8 1 3 10 0 Scotland 100 0 2 2 0 7 9 2 1 8 14 0 Foreign-born: Austria-Hungary ... . 100 0 2 1 o o 10 1 g 13 1 Canada 100 o 1 3 o 5 9 5 3 11 5 England 100.0 .8 o 2 6 5 .1 7 5 Finland 100 0 o o 1 0 4 o 5 5 5 Germany 100 0 1 9 o 1 3 15 5 6 19 4 Ireland 100 0 4 o 1 3 8 1 4 4 Italy 100 0 3 6 o 1 3 13 8 2 0 20 7 Poland 100 0 3 2 o 9 10 9 o 15 0 Russia 100 0 1 7 o 5 13 4 g 16 6 Scotland 100 0 o o 2 8 0 2 8 4 Sweden 100 0 1 1 o 4 4 3 .0 5.7 Grand total 100 0 1 8 (a) 4 9 7 4 12 3 Native-born of foreign father 100 0 1 9 o 3 9 g 4 12 4 Total native-born 100 0 2 4 (a) 5 12 1 5 15 5 Foreign-born 100 0 1 0 '; o 3 7 o '3 8 5 a Less than 0.05 per cent. Commitments for burglary (which include those for breaking and entering) number 498, of which 372 were of native-born persons and 126 of immigrants. This table shows two groups of offenders with higher percentages of commitments for this crime than the group composed of persons native-born of native father. These two groups are the native-born of Canadian parentage, whose 43 commitments for burglary form 3.7 per cent of all their commitments, and the foreign-born from Italy, whose 16 cases of burglary compose 3.6 per cent of all their commit- ments. Furthermore, there are two other groups having percentages equaling that of the native-born of native father. These are the native-born group of English parentage and the immigrant group from Poland. Two groups of offenders have no commitments for burglary. Both of these are immigrant groups — those from Finland and Scot- land. Although persons of Irish birth have 26 commitments for burglary, their percentage, which is only 0.4, is less than one-half that of any other group having burglary among its offenses. Every native-born group of foreign parentage has a larger percentage of commitments for burglary than the corresponding foreign-born group. Even persons of German birth, whose percentage of the total gainful offenses and of the selected crimes of larceny and receiving stolen property are greater than those of native-born persons of German parentage, show a smaller percentage of burglary than the latter. Immigration and Crime. 167 Only 112 commitments were made for forgery and fraud, yet of the eleven groups of persons shown in the table, the Austro-Hungarian is the only one having no commitments for these offenses. The largest proportions are found in the immigrant groups from Germany and Italy, each of which has 1.3 per cent. Second in rank is the per- centage of the immigrant group from Finland. These three groups and the immigrant Polish group are the only ones having larger pro- portions than the group native-born of native father, 0.8 per cent of whose commitments were for these crimes. The largest number of commitments for any of the gainful offenses was for the crimes of larceny and receiving "stolen property, which have here been grouped together, as in other sections of this report. Of the 3,481 commitments for all gainful offenses, 2,752 were for these crimes. No group of offenders has so large a proportion of commitments for the crimes of larceny and receiving stolen property as that which consists of persons native-born of native father. There is little dif- ference, however, between the percentage of this group and that of the foreign-born from Germany or that of the native-born of Canadian parentage, the percentage of the former being 15.9 and of the two latter 15.5 and 14.5, respectively. As in the case of the total gainful offenses, the smallest percentage is found to be that of persons born in Ireland, of whose total commitments those for larceny and receiving stolen property form only 3.8 per cent. The Italian-born, whose percentage of the total gainful offenses exceeds that of all other groups, have but 1,3.8 per cent of their commitments for the crimes of larceny and receiving stolen property, thus being exceeded in relative frequency of these crimes by the native-born of native father, the foreign-born from Germany, and the native-born of Canadian parentage. A relation of native-born groups of foreign parentage to corre- sponding foreign-born groups similar to that found in the figures of the aggregate gainful offenses exists in regard to larceny and receiving stolen property. Each of the five groups of foreign parentage and native birth except that of German descent has a larger percentage than the corresponding immigrant group. For robbery only 118 commitments are recorded, 83 of which are of American-born persons and 35 of immigrants. Of these, 36 are commitments of native-born persons of native parentage. Thus, as is shown in Table 93, the percentage of commitments for robbery is greater among offenders of native birth, being 0.5 per cent, than among those of foreign birth, which is only 0.3 per cent, and greater among the native-born of native parentage, where it is 0.7 per cent, than among the native-born of foreign parentage, whose percentage is 0.4 or the foreign-born, of whose total commitments those for robbery form only 0.3 per cent. Yet three groups of the foreign- born and two of the native-born of foreign parentage exceed the American-born of "native father in relative frequency of commit- ments for robbery. The three foreign-born groups are those from Italy, Russia, and Austria-Hungary, of whose total commitments those for robbery form, respectively, 2, 0.9 and 0.8 per cent. The two native-born groups of foreign parentage are those of Scotch and of German parentage, in the first of which robbery comprises 1.8 per 168 The Immigration Commission. cent of the total crimes, and in the latter 1 per cent. Of the native- born of native father, as previously stated, the percentage is only 0.7 per cent. Of all groups of offenders that of Italian birth has the highest percentage, it being nearly three times that of the native-born of native parentage. Two groups of immigrant offenders have no commitments for robbery — those from Poland and Sweden. Four others have but one each — the groups of English, Finnish, German, and Scotch birth. Of the native-born groups, each has at least one commitment for robbery, although the group of English parentage has but one and that of German parentage but two. In the case, however, of offenders of German descent, these two commitments form 1 per cent of their total commitments, a larger percentage than that of any other group except the immigrant Italian group and the group composed of persons American-born of Scotch parentage. OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE. » Commitments for the various offenses of personal violence are shown by nativity and parentage groups in Table 94. TABLE 94. — Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909. NUMBER. Nativity and parentage. All offenses. Offenses of personal violence. Simple assault. Violent assault. Homi- cide. Rape. Total. Native-born of native father ' 5,288 1.176 529 200 7.278 271 237 2,675 1,036 201 155 6,351 450 220 573 439 281 249 48 23 8 247 3 37 121 51 14 11 142 56 28 80 11 12 12 3 11 1 6 278 52 23 8 260 4 54 134 55 14 12 189 108 36 89 12 13 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: England .... .. Germany Ireland..... 8 1 16 5 3 5 Scotland Foreign-born: 1 7 Canada .. ....... 1 1 England Finland Germany ..... 1 2 23 Ireland 45 26 8 9 1 1 Italy 3 Poland Russia Scotland Sweden Grand total 028,330 1,218 154 56 12 1,440 Native-born of foreign father 9,810 615,219 13, 101 352 602 616 17 29 125 8 19 37 1 7 5 378 657 783 Total native-born Foreign-born . a Includes 10 commitments of persons not reporting nativity Uncludes 121 commitments of persons not reporting parenta persons not reporting parentage. Immigration and Crime. 169 TABLE 94. — Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 — Continued. PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. Nativity and parentage. All offenses. Offenses of personal violence. Simple assault. Violent assault. Homi- cide. Rape. Total. Native-born of native father 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4.7 4.1 4.3 4.0 3.4 1.1 15.6 4.5 4.9 7.0 7.1 2.2 12.4 12.7 14.0 2.5 4.3 0.23 .26 .0 .0 .11 .37 6.75 .19 .29 .0 .0 .71 5.78 3.64 1.57 .23 .36 0.21 .09 .0 .0 .07 .0 .42 .26 .0 .0 .65 .03 5.11 .0 .0 .0 .0 0.11 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .04 .10 .0 .0 .0 .66 .0 .0 .0 .0 5.3 4.4 4.3 4.0 3.6 1.5 22.8 5.0 5.3 7.0 7.7 3.0 24.0 16.4 15.5 2.7 4.6 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Canada England Germany Ireland Scotland Foreign-born: Austria-Hungary England... Finland Germany ..... Ireland ". . Italy Poland Russia Scotland Sweden Grand total 100.0 4.3 .54 .20 .04 5.1 Native-born of foreign father 100.0 100.0 100.0 3.6 4.0 4.7 .17 .19 .95 .08 .13 .28 .01 .05 .04 3.9 4.3 6.0 Total native-born Foreign-born During the period under investigation a larger number of commit- ments were made for simple assault than for any other offense of per- sonal violence. Of the 1,440 commitments for all offenses of personal violence, 1,218, or 84.6 per cent, were for this crime. Simple assault, as shown by the foregoing table, forms a larger pro- portion of the crimes of seven of the immigrant groups of offenders than it does of the crimes of native-born offenders of native parentage. These seven immigrant groups are those from Austria-Hungary, 15.6 per cent; Russia, 14 per cent; Poland, 12.7 per cent; Italy, 12.4 per cent; Germany, 7.1 per cent; Finland, 7 per cent; England, 4.9 per cent. Of the total commitments of native-born persons of native par- entage, those for simple assault form 4.7 per cent, a larger percentage than such commitments form of the total commitments of any group of native-born offenders of foreign parentage. Thus the relative frequency of simple assault is greater among offenders of Austro-Hungarian birth than among those of any other foreign nativity or any group of native birth. Among persons of Scotch parentage born in the United States it is least, only 3 of the 271 commitments of this group, or 1.1 per cent, being for this offense. As the aggregate offenses of personal violence form a smaller pro- portion of the crimes of every group of native-born offenders of for- eign parentage than of those of native-born offenders of native par- entage, so the selected crime of simple assault forms a smaller propor- tion. Moreover, in only two of the foreign-born groups (those from Scotland and Ireland) is the percentage of commitments for simple . 79340°— VOL 36—11 12 170 The Immigration Commission. assault smaller than in any native-born group of foreign parentage. Of the total commitments of persons of Swedish birth it is the same as of those of native-born offenders of English parentage; but with this exception the Scotch and Irish are the only immigrant groups whose relative frequency of this crime is not in excess of that of every native-born group of immigrant parentage. For the crime of violent assault there were 154 commitments dur- ing the year ending September 30, 1909, or only about one-half of 1 per cent of the tocal number of commitments for all offenses. Yet of the commitments of immigrants from Austria-Hungary 6.75 per cent were for this offense, and of the commitments of immigrants from Italy 5.78 per cent. The relative frequency of violent assault among the offenses of these two immigrant groups is considerably greater than among the offenses of any other group of offenders. In only two other groups — the Polish and Russian — is the propor- tion equal to 1 per cent. It is striking that the four nationalities just enumerated — the Austro-Hungarian, Italian, Polish, and Rus- sian— should exceed all others in relative frequency of commitments not only for violent assault, but for simple assault as well. Seven immigrant groups and two second-generation groups exceed the native-born of native father in proportion of commitments for violent assault. The immigrant groups are the Austro-Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Russian, Irish, Swedish, and English; the second- generation groups, the Scotch and Canadian. Two of the immigrant groups and two of the second-generation groups shown in the table had no commitments for violent assault — foreign-born persons from Finland and Germany and American-born persons whose fathers came from England and Germany. Of the 17 groups of offenders shown in the table only 8 (or less than one-half) had any commitments for homicide. The total number of commitments for this crime was 56, of which 23 were the commit- ments of Italians. These 23 commitments form 5.11 per cent of all commitments of this nationality, or a far larger proportion than is found in any other group of offenders. Next in rank are the Ger- mans, whose percentage is only 0.65, or scarcely more than one- eighth that of the Italians. Besides the Italians and Germans, the Austro-Hungarians and the Canadians exceed the native-born of native father in relative frequency of commitments for homicide. Although there were 11 commitments of persons American-born of native parentage for this crime, they comprised only 0.21 per cent of the total commitments of the group. Rape caused only 12 commitments; 3 of these were commitments of Italians, forming 0.66 per cent of all Italian commitments; 6 were of persons native-born or native parentage, forming 0.11 per cent of the total commitments of that group, while 1 commitment was of a person of Canadian birth, 1 of a person of English birth, and 1 of a person born in the United States of foreign father. Immigration and Crime. 171 OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY. In the following table is shown the distribution of commitments for the various offenses against public policy: TABLE 95. — Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September SO, 1909. NUMBER. Nativity and parent- age. All offenses. ' Offenses against public policy. Disor- derly conduct. Drunk- enness. Gaming. Offenses of vio- lence. Va- grancy. All other. Total, Native-born of native father 5,288 1,176 529 200 7,278 271 237 2,675 1,036 201 155 6,351 450 220 573 439 281 131 39 11 1 157 8 13 126 46 12 2,828 655 320 102 5,472 179 101 1,723 714 149 73 5,234 61 113 215 326 211 23 1 3 1 16 32 9 4 231 49 37 20 226 15 15 77 45 5 11 161 7 12 21 16 20 353 78 25 14 186 10 13 102 43 4 15 129 47 9 72 10 8 3,59& 83t 400 13S 6,074 212 146 2,038 848 173 104 5,718 188 147 357 37ft 243 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Canada . England Germany . Ireland 17 Scotland . Foreign-born: Austria-Hungary. . . Canada 1 1 3 9 England Finland 3 5 18 53 6 14 3 4 Ireland 173 14 6 29 21 3 6 1 6 Italy Poland Russia Scotland Sweden Grand total Native-born of foreign father Total native-born Foreign-born o28,330 812 18,790 6,833 9,698 9,083 78 197 1,003 1,219 22,099; 7,834 11,492 10,597 9,810 615,219 13,101 232 366 446 23 46 32 37 70 127 357 598 405 353 715 504 PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. Native-born of native father 100.0 2.5 53.5 0 4 0 6 4.4 68 0 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Canada 100 0 3 3 55 7 09 g 4 2 70 T England 100.0 2.1 60.5 .06 .8 7.0 75 6 Germany .. 100 0 5 51 0 50 o 10 0 69 0 Ireland 100.0 2.2 75.2 .22 .2 3.1 83 & 100.0 3 0 66 1 o o 5 5 78 2 Foreign-born: Austria-Hungary... 100.0 5.5 42.6 .42 1.3 6.3 61. ft Canada 100.0 4 7 64 4 04 3 2 9 76 2 England 100 o 4 4 68 9 o o 4 3 81 Ok Finland 100.0 6.0 74 1 o 1 5 2 5 86 1 Germany 100 0 o 47 1 o 3 2 7 i 67*1 Ireland 100.0 2.7 82.4 .05 .3 2 5 90 ft Italy 100.0 3.1 13 6 1 33 11 8 1 6 41 & Poland 100 0 2 7 51 4 45 2 7 5 5 66 & Russia 100.0 5.1 37.5 1 05 2 4 3 7 62 3. Scotland . . 100 0 4 8 74 3 o 7 3 6 85 & Sweden 100.0 .0 75.1 .0 1.4 7.1 86 5 Grand total 100.0 2.9 66.3 .27 .7 3.5 78 0 Native-born of foreign father 100.0 2.4 69 6 23 4 3 6 79 ft Total native-born 100.0 2.4 63.7 .30 .5 3.9 75 5 Foreign-born 100.0 3.4 69.3 .24 1.0 3.1 80 9 a Includes 10 commitments of persons not reporting nativity, fc Includes 121 commitments of persons not reporting parentage. 172 The Immigration Commission. Turning to the figures showing commitments for drunkenness which are given hi Table 96, it is found that 82.4 per cent of all commitments of persons born in Ireland were of this character and 75.2 per cent of all those of native-born persons of Irish parent- age. Not only does drunkenness form a larger proportion of the offenses of Irish-born persons than of those of any other immigrant group, and of the offenses of native-born children of immigrants from Ireland than of those of any other group of nonimmigrant per- sons, but these two groups have higher percentages of commitments for this offense than any other group, immigrant or native. Ten groups of offenders, six composed of immigrants and four of American-born children of immigrant fathers, have higher percentages than the native-born of American parentage. These ten groups are, in order of percentage, as follows : Immigrants. Per cent. American-born of immigrant father. Per cent. Country of birth: 82.4 Country of birth of father: Ireland 75 2 Sweden ... . •. . 75.1 Scotland 66 1 Scotland 74 3 England 60 5 Finland 74.1 Canada '..... 55 7 England 68 9 Canada . . .... 64.4 The percentage of native-born of native father is 53.5. Of the total commitments of all but four of the 17 groups of offenders, commitments for drunkenness form over 50 per cent. These four exceptions are all immigrant groups — of Austro-Hunga- rian, German, Italian, and Russian birth. Of these, the Italian is the only group having less than one-third of all its commitments of this character. The Italian percentage, only 13.6 per cent, is the smallest percentage of all the groups of native and immigrant offenders, and is so low, in comparison with all others, as to set the Italian immi- grants strikingly apart. Of the native-born children of immigrants, each group, with the exception of that of German parentage, has a smaller percentage of drunkenness than the immigrant group from the country of their fathers. As these five immigrant groups, with the exception of that of German birth, and all of the native-born groups of immigrant parentage, without exception, have larger percentages than the native- born of native parentage, this results in making the percentage of each of the American-born groups of immigrant's children differ from the percentage of the corresponding group of immigrant offend- ers, such difference tending toward the group native-born of nonimmi- grant parentage. Immigration and Crime. 173 This is more clearly shown by the following rearrangement of the groups in question: TABLE 96. — Per cent distribution of commitments for drunkenness among total commit- ments, by nativity and descent of offender: Massachusetts penal institutions , October lt 1908, to September SO, 1909. Nativity and descent. Per cent Native-born of native father . . . .... . 53.5 Canadian: Immigrant 64.4 Second generation 55.7 English: Immigrant 68.9 Second generation 60.5 German: Immigrant .. .... 47.1 Second generation . . . 51.0 Irish: Immigrant 82.4 Second generation 75.2 Scotch: Trnmigrjvnt 74.3 Second generation 66.1 One other of the offenses against public policy appears worthy of special analysis — that of vagrancy. The group of offenders having the largest percentage of commit- ments for this offense is of native birth, although of foreign parent- age— that group composed of persons born in the United States whose fathers came from Germany. Of then* total commitments, 10 per cent were for vagrancy. Strongly contrasted with this group is that of foreign-born offenders from Italy, of whose 450 commit- ments for all offenses only 7, or 1.6 per cent, were for this offense, a less proportion than that of any other group, either native or foreign. Seven of the 16 groups of immigrants and immigrants' children exceed the native-born of native parentage in their percentage of commitments for vagrancy. Four of these 7 are groups of foreign- born offenders, while three are groups of native-born offenders of foreign parentage. The foreign-born are from Germany, Sweden, Austria-Hungary, and Poland. The native-born are of German, English, and Scotch parentage. It will be noted that although 3 groups of native-born children of immigrants have percentages higher than the group of persons native-born of native father, only one corresponding immigrant group (that of German birth) is found among the 4 groups of foreign-born offenders also having higher percentages. The preceding table also shows that each group of native-born offend- ers of foreign parentage has a higher percentage of commitments for vagrancy than the corresponding group of foreign-born offenders. 174 The Immigration Commission. OFFENSES AGAINST CHASTITT. From the offenses against chastity, crimes of prostitution are selected from analysis. These, together with all other offenses against chastity, are shown in the following table: TABLE 97. — Offenses against chastity compared with all offenses: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909. NUMBER. Nativity and parentage. All offenses. Offenses against chastity. Crimes of prostitu- tion All other. Total. Native-born of native father 5,288 1,176 529 200 7,278 271 237 2, 675 1.036 201 155 6,351 450 220 573 439 281 41 7 3 1 13 1 1 34 12 162 36 9 4 100 8 2 100 17 1 5 62 35 2 10 7 5 203 43 12 5 113 9 3 134 29 1 5 70 50 3 17 8 5 •Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Canada England .... . . Oftrmany . Ireland Scotland Foreign-born: Austria- Hungary. .. ... Canada England Finland Germany Ireland 8 15 1 7 1 Italy Poland Russia •Scotland . ... •Sweden Grand total a 28, 330 156 609 765 Native-born of foreign father 9,810 6 15, 219 13, 101 33 74 82 165 331 278 198 405 360 Total native-born . Foreign-born PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES. Native-born of native father 100.0 0.8 3.8 Kative-born of foreign father by country of birth of father: Oanada 100 0 .6 3 7 England 100 0 .6 2 3 'Germany .........; 100.0 .5 2.5 Ireland .... . 100 0 .2 1 6 Scotland 100 0 4 3 3 iToreign-born: Austria- Hungary 100.0 .4 1.3 Canada 100 0 1 3 5 0 England 100.0 1.2 2.8 Finland , . . 100.0 .0 .5 Germany 100.0 .0 3.2 Ireland .... 100.0 .1 1.1 Italy 100 0 3 3 11. 1 Poland.... 100.0 .5 1.4 Russia 100.0 1.2 3.0 Scotland 100 0 .2 1 8 Sweden 100.0 .0 1.8 Grand total 100 0 .6 2 7 Native-born of foreign father 100.0 .3 2.0 Total native-born 100 0 .5 2 7 Foreign-born 100.0 .6 2.7 a Includes 10 commitments of persons not reporting nativity, fc Includes 121 commitments of persons not reporting parentaj Immigration and Crime. 175 Commitments for crimes of prostitution are found in all the groups of American birth and in all of the immigrant groups except three—- the Finnish, German, and Swedish. Each of the groups native-born of foreign father has a smaller proportion of such commitments than the group native-born of native father, of whose total commitments for all offenses, 41, or 0.8 per cent, were of this character. Four of the immigrant groups, however, exceed the native-born of native father in proportion. These are the groups coming from Italy, 3.3 per cent; Canada, 1.3 per cent; Russia, 1.2 per cent; England, 1.2 per cent. Those groups from Austria-Hungary, Ireland, Poland, and Scotland have smaller proportions than the American-born of native father, while those from Finland, Germany, and Sweden have no com- mitments for crimes of prostitution recorded against them. SUMMARY. In these records of the Massachusetts penal institutions the several gainful offenses are more prominent among the crimes of the American- born of native father than among the crimes of the majority of the immigrant and second-generation groups, as shown in the following table: TABLE 98. — Relative frequency of gainful offenses: Massachusetts penal institutions October 1, 1908, to September SO, 1909. Nativity and parentage. All gainful offenses. Burglary. Forgery and fraud. Larceny and receiving stolen goods. Robbery. Rank. Per cent Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Native-born of native father 2 4 8 5 12 9 10 11 14 16 3 17 1 7 6 13 15 20.6 18.7 14.4 18.0 10.0 14.0 13.1 11.5 7.5 5.5 19.4 4.4 20.7 15.0 16.6 8.4 5.7 3 1 3 4 9 5 6 10 12 3.2 3.7 3.2 3.0 1.5 2.2 2.1 1.3 .8 .0 1.9 .4 3.6 3.2 1.7 .0 1.1 4 9 8 6 8 5 0.8 .1 .2 .5 .2 .7 .0 .5 .2 1.0 1.3 .1 1.3 .9 .5 .2 .4 1 3 8 5 12 11 9 10 14 16 2 17 4 7 6 13 15 15.9 14.5 10.8 13.5 8.1 9.2 10.1 9.5 6.5 4.0 15.5 3.8 13.8 10.9 13.4 8.0 4.3 6 9 11 3 10 2 5 10 12 8 7 12 1 0.7 .4 .2 1.0 .3 1.8 .8 .3 .1 .5 .6 .1 2.0 .0 .9 .2 .0 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Canada England Germany Ireland Scotland Foreign-born: Austria-Hungary Canada 6 8 2 1 9 1 3 6 8 7 England Finland Germany 7 13 2 3 8 Ireland " Italy Poland Russian 4 11 Scotland Sweden 11 Larceny occupies a larger place in the criminality of the native- born of native father than in that of any other group of offenders, while only two groups exceed in percentage of commitments for burglary, four in percentage of commitments for forgery and fraud, and five in percentage of commitments for robbery. The Italian immigrant group has a larger percentage of commitments for bur- glary, the Finnish, German, Italian, and Polish immigrant groups of those for forgery and fraud, and the Austro-Hungarian, Italian, and Russian immigrant groups of those for robbery. Of the second- generation groups, the Canadian exceeds the native-born of native 176 The Immigration Commission. father in relative frequency of burglary, and the German and Scotch exceed the native-born of native fathers in relative frequency of robbery. A different condition exists with regard to the offenses of personal violence. TABLE 99. — Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909. Nativity and parentage. All offenses of personal violence. Assault, sim- ple. Assault, vio- lent. Homicide. Rape. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Native-born of native father 7 10 11 12 13 16 2 8 7 6 5 14 1 3 4 15 9 5.3 4.4 4.3 4.0 3.6 1.5 22.8 5.0 5.3 7.0 7.7 3.0 24.0 16.4 15.5 2.7 4.6 8 11 10 12 13 16 1 9 7 6 5 15 4 3 2 14 10 4.7 4.1 4.3 4.0 3.4 1.1 15.6 4.5 4.9 7.0 7.1 2.2 12.4 12.7 14.0 2.5 4.3 10 9 0.23 .26 .00 5 6 0.21 .09 00 2 0.11 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .04 .10 .00 .00 .00 .66 .00 .00 .00 .00 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Canada England Germany oo 00 Ireland 12 6 1 11 8 .11 .37 6.75 .19 .29 .00 7 .07 00 Scotland Foreign-born: Austria-Hungary 3 4 .42 .26 .00 .00 Canada 4 3 England... Finland Germany .00 .71 5.78 3.64 1.57 .23 .36 2 8 1 .65 .03 5.11 00 Ireland 5 2 3 4 10 7 Italy. . . . 1 Poland Russia 00 Scotland 00 Sweden 00 None of these offenses forms so large a percentage of the crimes of the native-born of native father as of those of some immigrant group, although they are in the main relatively more common among native offenders of native parentage than among native offenders of immi- grant parentage. The only exception to this latter statement is with respect to violent assault, which is relatively more frequent among American-born offenders of Canadian and Scotch parentage than among those of American parentage. Of the immigrant groups the Austro-Hungarian and the Italian are most notable for the high relative frequency of these offenses among them. Simple and violent assault form larger percentages of the crimes of Austro-Hungarian offenders than of those of any other group, while homicide and rape form larger percentages of the crimes of Italian offenders than of the crimes of any other group. Offenses against public policy belong much more largely to immi- grant criminality than to the criminality of the native-born of native parentage. Disorderly conduct and drunkenness are shown by the table following to belong especially to immigrant criminality. Immigration and Crime. 177 TABLE 100. — Relative frequency of offenses against public policy: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909. Nativity and parent- age. All offenses against pub- lic policy. Disorderly conduct. Drunken- ness. Gaming. Offenses of violence. Vagrancy. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Native-born of native father 12 10 9 11 5 7 16 8 6 3 13 1 17 14 15 4 2 68.0 70.7 75.6 69.0 83.5 78.2 61.6 76.2 81.9 86.1 67.1 90.0 41.8 66.8 62.3 85.6 86.5 11 7 13 14 12 9 2 5 6 1 2.5 3.3 2.1 .5 2.2 3.0 5.5 4.7 4.4 6.0 .0 2.7 3.1 2.7 5.1 4.8 .0 11 10 9 13 2 7 15 8 6 5 14 1 17 12 16 4 3 53.5 55.7 60.5 51.0 75.2 66.1 42.6 64.4 68.9 74.1 47.1 82.4 13.6 51.4 37.5 74.3 75.1 6 8 9 3 7 0.40 .09 .06 .50 .22 .00 10 8 8 0.6 .8 .8 .0 .2 .0 1.3 .3 .0 1.5 3.2 .3 11.8 2.7 2.4 .7 1.4 6 8 3 1 11 5 4 12 7 13 2 13 14 5 9 10 2 4.4 4.2 7.0 10.0 3.1 5.5 6.3 2.9 4.3 2.5 7.1 2.5 1.6 5.5 3.7 3.6 7.1 Native-born of for- eign father by coun- try of birth of father: Canada England Germany Ireland 12 Scotland Foreign-born: Austria-Hungarv. Canada 5 11 .42 .04 .00 7 11 England Finland .00 .00 .05 1.33 .45 1.05 .00 .00 5 2 11 1 3 4 9 6 Germany Ireland Italy 10 8 10 3 4 10 1 4 2 Poland Russia. . Scotland Sweden Every immigrant group has a larger percentage of commitments for disorderly conduct than the native-born of native father, and six of the eleven immigrant groups have larger percentages of commit- ments for drunkenness. The Irish immigrant group is notable for its large percentage of commitments for drunkenness, these forming over four-fifths of all commitments of immigrant offenders from Ire- land. In connection with this it is notable that the American-born children of Irish fathers have a larger percentage of commitments for drunkenness than any group except the Irish immigrants themselves. Offenses against chastity are relatively more frequent among the offenders of only two immigrant groups than among the native-born of native father. 178 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 101. — Relative frequency of offenses against chastity: Massachusetts penal institu- tions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909. Nativity and parentage. All offenses against chastity. Crimes of prostitu- tion. Rank. Per cent. Rank. Per cent. Native-born of native father .. 3 4 10 9 12 5 14 2 8 16 6 15 1 13 7 11 11 3.8 3.7 2.3 2.5 1.6 3.3 1.3 5.0 2.8 .5 3.2 1.1 11.1 1.4 3.0 1.8 1.8 4 5 5 6 8 7 7 2 3 0.8 .6 .6 .5 .2 .4 .4 1.3 1.2 .0 .0 .1 3.3 .5 1.2 .2 .0 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: England Germany Foreign-born: Austria-Hungary England Finland Ireland 9 1 6 3 8 Italy Poland Russia Scotland Crimes of prostitution form larger percentages of the total offenses of four immigrant groups than of those of the native group of non- immigrant parentage. These immigrant groups are the Canadian, English, Italian, and Russian. Of the second-generation groups, however, none has so large a percentage of commitments for crimes of prostitution as the native-born of native father. CHAPTER XL ALIEN CRIMINALITY. 1. ALIEN PRISONERS IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1908. In 1904, and again in 1908, the Bureau of Immigration and Natu- ralization made a canvass of all penal institutions in the United States for the purpose of discovering the number of alien prisoners detained therein. The general results of these enumerations are to be found in the reports of the Commissioner-General of Immigration for these two years. But as complete tabulation of the data collected was not made, these statements of the results are only general. The value of more complete tabulation of the data appeared1 great enough to warrant the Immigration Commission in making it. Through the courtesy of the Bureau of Immigration and Naturaliza- tion the original schedules of the 1908 enumeration were obtained. From these, new tables were compiled by the tabulating force of the Commission. Tabulation has been made of the number of alien prisoners of each race by offense and by years in the United States prior to commitment to the institutions in which they were found at the time of the canvass. In order to include only convicted persons in the tabulation, when- ever it was clear that any prisoner had not yet been tried for the offense charged, but was in prison merely awaiting trial, or was held as a witness, the case was omitted from the tables. The total num- ber of prisoners shown by these tables is therefore somewhat less than the number stated in the Report of the Commissioner-General of Immi- gration for 1908, but the value of the tables is rendered greater, since they include, as far as could be determined, only those prisoners who had actually been convicted of crime. The total number of alien prisoners in the United States at the time of the enumeration in 1908 who were under sentence for vio- lations of the law was 12,853, distributed as follows among the various races : TABLE 102. — Alien prisoners in the United States, 1908, by race. [Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.] Race. Number of prisoners. Race. Number of prisoners. African 145 Italian South 2 336 Canadian, French 422 Lithuanian . . 158 Canadian, Other 297 355 Chinese 104 Mexican 794 Croatian 147 Polish .. 1,229 English 833 Russian 156 Furnish 189 Scandinavian 508 French. . 164 Scotch 286 Cerman. . . 1,191 Slovak 407 Creek 149 Other races 655 Hebrew. . . . 693 Irish.... 1,312 Total a 12 853 Italian, North 320 « Includes 3 not reporting race. 179 180 The Immigration Commission, o -H o > H S tf & O A O *» . 9 Italian South 18 0 Italian South 6 Italian' North 14.5 Hebrew .1 11 5 Chinese Incorrigibility. Canadian, French 5.5 Vagrancy and truancy. Irish German 19.1 19 5 Hebrew Canadian, other than French African English Italian, South Scandinavian German Polish Lithuanian Russian Scotch 5.2 3.7 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.2 2.2 .9 .9 .8 5 Canadian, other than French Scotch English Canadian, French Slovak Polish Lithuanian Russian Scandinavian Hebrew Chinese 12.2 11.3 10.9 10.7 10.3 9.9 8.4 7.7 7.6 6.7 5.8 French Finnish Irish Slovak Greek Chinese Croatian Italian, North Mexican .3 .1 .8 .8 .7 French Croatian Finnish African Greek Italian, South Italian, North Magyar Mexican 5.7 5.5 4.9 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.2 2.6 1.9 Immigration and Crime. 197 TABLE 111. — Relative frequency of offenses against chastity among alien prisoners in the United States, 1908. [Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.] Race. Per cent. Race. Per cent. All offenses against chastity. 6 7 Crimes of prostitution. Hebrew 1.74 French Canadian, French Canadian, Other A f rican English G erman Magyar Finnish Italian, South Greek Scotch 6.3 5.2 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.2 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.4 3.2 C anadian, other than French French ( 'anadian, French Greek Italian, South Italian North t innish Slovak English German Irish Mexican ' 1.35 1.26 .71 .67 .65 .63 .54 .52 .49 .43 .39 .13 Slovak Irish Russian Polish Italian. North Scandinavian Chinese Mexican Lithuanian Croatian 3. 1 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.3 A frican Chinese Croatian Lithuanian Magyar Polish Russian Scandinav ian Scotch 2. ALIEN PRISONERS COMMITTED WITHIN THREE YEARS AFTER ARRIVAL IN THE UNITED STATES. From the schedules of the Bureau of Immigration and Naturaliza- tion it has been possible to determine the length of residence in the United States of 12,425 of the 12,853 alien prisoners considered in this chapter. As the length of time each prisoner had been incar- cerated was also shown on the schedules, the determination of his period of residence in this country prior to commitment has been rendered possible. Without entering into a detailed analysis of the resulting data, the principal aspects of one phase may be discussed. The various periods of residence in the United States prior to com- mitment have been divided into two general groups — the period under three years and that of three years or over. To bring out the most important facts shown by the data, a consideration of those alien prisoners whose commitment to the penal institution in which they were found occurred prior to three years of residence in the country will be sufficient. The total number of alien prisoners whose period of residence in the United States was discovered is 12,425, and approximately one- fourth of these arrived in the United States less than three years before the time of their commitment. These figures, however, require further anlaysis. The fact that a certain number and percentage of the alien prisoners had been in the United States less than three years at the time of their imprisonment may take on a different aspect when the crimes of these prisoners are known. Here, as in the study of alien prisoners in general, to which the first part of this chapter is devoted, a totaling of all crimes might result in. the drawing of erroneous conclusions. A separation of these prisoners into groups according to the nature of their crimes is therefore desirable. Such a separation has been made for the 198 The Immigration Commission. groups of gainful offenses, offenses of personal violence, against public policy, and against chastity. Because of their uncertain character, unclassified crimes and offenses not defined are not shown in a separate tabulation. GAINFUL OFFENSES. The number of alien prisoners convicted of gainful offenses who reported years in the United States was 4,467. Of these 1,150, or 25.7 per cent, had been committed within three years after their arrival in the country to the penal institution in which they were found. TABLE 112. — Aliens in prison for gainful offenses who had been in the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by race: United States, 1908. [CompMed from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.] Race. Number reporting years in United States. In United States less than 3 years prior to commitment. Number. Per cent. African. 56 106 100 17 56 356 41 84 527 58 369 249 95 647 51 100 321 442 60 231 125 98 8 25 32 14.3 23.6 32.0 .0 51.8 20.5 22.0 31.0 18.6 32.8 22.5 12.9 27.4 28.7 21.6 39.0 26.5 36.4 43.3 13.4 16.8 37.8 Canadian, French Canadian Other Chinese .. .... Croatian 29 73 9 26 98 19 83 32 26 186 11 39 85 161 26 31 21 37 English Finnish French German • Greek Hebrew... Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Russian Scandinavian Scotch Slovak Total o4,467 1,150 25.7 a Includes 1 not reporting race. The largest proportion so committed is found among the Croatian prisoners. There were 56 alien prisoners of this race under sentence for gainful offenses who reported years in the United States; 29 of these, or 51.8 per cent, had been in this country less than three years at the time of their incarceration. The Croatian is the only race having more than one-half its gainful offense prisoners belonging to the class whose period of residence in the United States prior to commitment was less than three years, the proportion next in rank being that of the Russians, or 43.3 per cent. In addition to the Croatian and Russian there are, however, three races in which the number committed within three years after arrival exceeds one- third of the number reporting. These are the Magyar, Slovak, and Polish races, their proportions being, respectively, 39 per cent, 37.8 per cent, and 36.4 per cent. In six other races the proportion exceeds one- Immigration and Crime. 199 fourth. In the order of their rank these are the Greek, Canadian other than French, French, South Italian, North Italian, and Mexican. Thus in each of 1 1 of the 22 races shown, more than 25 per cent of the alien prisoners guilty of gainful offenses who reported years in the United States were imprisoned within three years after their arrival in the country. Moreover, the above table shows that in only five of the 22 races was the proportion of such prisoners less than 20 per cent, these five races being the German, Scotch, African, Scandinavian, and Irish. But in each of these the proportion exceeds 10 per cent, the smallest being that of the Irish, or 12.9 per cent. OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE. In the group of prisoners under sentence for offenses of personal violence a slightly smaller proportion is found of those whose period of residence in the United States prior to commitment was less than three years. The total number in this group who' reported years in the United States was 3,241, of whom 808, or 24.9 per cent, were imprisoned within three years after arrival. TABLE 113. — Aliens in prison for offenses of personal violence who had been in the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by race: United States, 1908. [Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.] Race. Number reporting years in United States. In United States less than 3 years prior to commitment. Number. Per cent. African . ... 49 47 32 56 48 109 76 27 198 46 43 84 157 1,044 40 134 323 297 39 69 30 121 7 7 9 \ 3 10 11 16 4 38 17 9 i! 317 8 50 69 82 17 9 5 32 14.3 14.9 28.1 5.4 20.8 10.1 21.1 14.8 19.2 37.0 20.9 10.7 21.7 30.4 20.0 37.3 21.4 27.8 43.6 13.0 16.7 26.4 Canadian French Canadian, Other Chinese Croatian English . Finnish French fJerman ... Greek Hebrew . . . Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Russian Scandinavian Scotch... Slovak ' Total .... o3,241 808 24.9 a Includes 1 not reporting race. In considering the various races it is found that in seven the pro- portion of prisoners committed before they had been three years in the country exceeds one-fourth of the number reporting. In three of these the proportion exceeds one-third, the largest proportion being that of the Kussian, or 43.6 per cent; the second in rank that of the Magyars, or 37.3 per cent; and the third that of the Greek, or 37 200 The Immigration Commission. per cent. The four other races having proportions greater than 25 per cent are the South Italian, Canadian other than French, Polish, and Slovak. While the number of prisoners committed within three years after their arrival in this country comprises more than one-fourth of the number reporting in the case of only seven races, it equals one-fifth or more in 13 of the 22 race groups. In addition to the seven already enumerated, these races are the North Italian, Mexican, Finnish, Hebrew, Croatian, and Lithuanian. Further than this, the above table shows that in the case of every race except one the prisoners whose commitment for offenses of per- sonal violence occurred within three years after their arrival in the United States comprise more than 10 per cent of the number report- ing years. The single exception is the Chinese race, of whose 56 alien prisoners reporting years only 3, or 5.4 per cent, belonged to the "less than three years" class. OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY. Of alien prisoners whose crimes consisted of offenses against public policy 3,651 reported years in the United States; 749 of these, or 20.5 per cent, arrived in the country less than three years previous to their commitment to the penal institution in which they were found. TABLE 114. — Aliens in prison for offenses against public policy who had been in the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by race: United States, 1908. [Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.] Race. Number reporting years in United States. In United States less than 3 years prior to commitment. Number. Per cent. African 23 179 129 18 33 261 52 31 317 32 190 852 45 394 54 72 88 344 36 165 108 111 6 19 24 2 14 50 8 4 60 19 37 46 11 118 17 27 18 121 14 28 29 40 26.1 10.6 18.6 11.1 42.4 19.2 15.4 12.9 18.9 59.4 19.5 5.4 24.4 29.9 31.5 37.5 20.5 35.2 38.9 17.0 26.9 36.0 Canadian, French Canadian, Other Chinese Croatian . English Finnish „ French German Greek .... Hebrew Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian ... . Magyar Mexican Polish Russian Scandinavian Scotch Slovak Total .. . . 3,651 749 20.5 The Greeks contributed 32 prisoners to the number reporting years, of whom 19, or 59.4 per cent, were imprisoned within three years after arrival. The next largest proportion of prisoners whose period of residence in the United States prior to commitment was less than Immigration and Crime. 201 three years is that of the Croatians. This proportion, however, is considerably less than that of the Greeks, being 42.4 per cent. Third in rank is the proportion of the Russians, which is 38.9 per cent. In the Magyar, Slovak, and Polish groups the number committed within throe years after arrival exceeds one-third of the number reporting, while in the Lithuanian, South Italian, Scotch, and African groups it exceeds one-fourth, and in every group except the French, Chinese, French-Canadian, and Irish it exceeds one-fifth. Only one race has a smaller proportion than 10 per cent. This is the Irish, but 5.4 per cent of the alien prisoners of this race who reported years in the United States having been here less than three years at time of their commitment. OFFENSES AGAINST CHASTITY. In the following table similar data are shown concerning prisoners whose crimes were against chastity. TABLE 115. — Aliens in prison for offenses against chastity who had been in the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by race: United States, 1908. [Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.] Race. Number reporting years in United States. In United States less than 3 years prior to commitment. Number. Per cent. African . 6 20 13 2 2 3 3 33.3 15.0 23.1 .0 .0 10.5 28.6 40.0 12.8 20.0 18.2 15.2 71.4 24.1 .0 14.3 23.1 30.8 50.0 .0 22.2 16.7 Canadian French Canadian, Other Chinese Croatian English 38 7 10 47 5 44 33 7 87 2 14 13 26 4 11 9 12 4 2 4 6 1 8 5 5 21 Finnish ..... French German .... Greek Hebrew Irish Italian North Italian South Lithuanian Magyar 2 3 8 2 Mexican. . . Polish Russian Scandinavian Scotch 2 2 Slovak Total 427 90 21.1 Of the 427 prisoners who reported years in the United States, 90, or 21.1 per cent, belonged to the class whose incarceration occurred within three years after their arrival. Among the 22 races shown, the North Italian stands out most prominently in its proportion of prisoners whose period of residence in the United States at the time of commitment had been less than three years. Of prisoners belong- ing to this race, 7 reported years in the United States, of whom 5, or 71.4 per cent, were imprisoned within three years of the date of their arrival. The second proportion in rank is that of the Russians, 79340°— VOL 36— 11 14 202 The Immigration Commission. being 50 per cent, while the third is that of the French, or 40 per cent. The small numbers, however, upon which these percentages are based somewhat detract from their value as means of comparing the races, for there are only 7 North Italians reporting years, 4 Rus- sians, and 10 French. Indeed, in none of the race groups is the number of prisoners com- mitted for offenses against chastity large as compared with the num- ber committed for other kinds of crime. One race, the Croatian, contributes no alien prisoners to the number under sentence for offenses against chastity, while there are no alien prisoners of the Chinese, Lithuanian, and Scandinavian races whose commitments for such offenses occurred within three years after their arrival in the United States. SUMMARY BY CLASSES OF CRIME. A ready means of summarizing this comparison of the various races with respect to alien prisoners committed to penal institutions before they had been three years in the United States is afforded by the following table. This table shows for each class of crime the percentage which those prisoners whose commitments occurred within three years after arrival forms of the total number of prisoners re- porting years in the United States. TABLE 116. — Per centa of aliens in prison for each class of crime who had been in the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by race: United States, 1908. [Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.] Race. Gainful offenses. Offenses of persona] violence. Offenses against public policy. Offenses against chastity. African 14.3 14.3 26.1 33 3 Canadian, French 23.6 14.9 10.6 15 0 Canadian Other 32 0 28.1 18 6 23 1 Chinese 0 5 4 11 1 o Croatian ..... ... ... 51.8 20.8 42 4 o English 20 5 10 1 19 2 10 5 Finnish 22.0 21.1 15.4 28 6 French . 31.0 14.8 12 9 40 0 German 18 6 19 2 18 9 12 8 Greek 32.8 37.0 59.4 20 0 Hebrew . ... 22.5 20.9 19 5 18 2 Irish 12 9 10 7 5 4 15 2 Italian. North 27.4 21.7 24.4 71 4 Italian, South 28.7 30.4 29 9 24 1 J/ithuanifin 21 6 20 0 31 5 o Magyar . . . 39.0 37.3 37.5 14.3 Mexican 26.5 21.4 20 5 23 1 PoMsh 36 4 27 6 35 2 30 8 Russian 43.3 43.6 38.9 50.0 Scandinavian 13.4 13.0 17.0 0 Scotch 16 8 16.7 26 9 22 2 Slovak 37.8 26.4 36.0 16.7 a Based on number reporting years in the United States. It appears from this table that while the proportion exceeds 25 per cent for one or more classes of crime in fifteen races, in only two does it exceed this percentage for each of the four classes of crime shown. These two races are the Russian and the Polish. Of Russian alien prisoners reporting years in the United States who were under sentence for gainful offenses, 43.3 per cent were committed within Immigration and Crime. 203 three years after arrival in the country; of those convicted of offenses of personal violence, 43.6 per cent; of offenses against public policy, 38.9 per cent; and of offenses against chastity, 50 per cent. The proportions found in the Polish groups are as follows: Gainful offenses, 36.4 per cent; offenses of personal violence, 27.6 per cent; offenses against public policy, 35 per cent; and offenses against chastity, 30.8 per cent. Besides these two races, there are four whose proportions exceed 25 per cent for three classes of crime. The Greek, South Italian, Magyar, and Slovak are these, and in each case the proportions greater than 25 per cent are found hi the groups of prisoners con- victed of offenses of gain, of personal violence, and against public policy. In five other races the proportion of prisoners committed within three years after their arrival exceeds 25 per cent of the number reporting for two classes of crime — in the African, for offenses against public policy and against chastity; in the Canadian other than French, for offenses of gain and personal violence, in the Croatian, for gainful offenses and offenses against public policy; and in the French and North Italian, for gainful offenses and offenses against chastity. Four races have proportions exceeding 25 per cent for one class of crime only. These races, and the classes of crime in which such proportions occur, are: Finnish, offenses against chastity; Lithu- anian and Scotch, offenses against public policy; and Mexican, gainful offenses. There are thus only seven races of the twenty-two shown in the table whose alien prisoners committed for each of the four classes of crime within three years after their arrival in the United States compose less than one-fourth of the total number committed for the same class of crime who reported years in the country. These seven races are the French Canadian, Chinese, English, German, Hebrew, Irish, and Scandinavian. OFFENSES OF SPECIAL GRAVITY. A number of the more serious offenses have been selected for further analysis. These offenses are: Abduction and kidnaping, violent assault, blackmail and extortion, burglary, homicide, robbery, and rape. In the table next submitted prisoners under sentence for such offenses have been grouped together by race. 204 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 117. — Aliens in prison for offenses of special gravity a who had been in the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by race: United States, 1908. [Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.] Race. Number reporting years in the United States. In the United States less than 3 years prior to commitment. Number. Per cent. African 50 59 56 60 41 242 53 52 348 47 150 125 152 976 34 107 452 234 42 122 65 81 5 11 14 2 15 38 12 13 60 13 25 12 33 283 6 37 102 79 16 11 6 20 10.0 18.6 25.0 3.3 36.6 15.7 22.6 25.0 17.2 27.7 16.7 9.6 21.7 29.0 17.6 34.6 22.6 33.8 38.1 9.0 9.2 24.7 Canadian French Canadian Other Chinese ... Croatian English Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Irish Italian North Italian, South Lithuanian * .... Magyar Mexican Polish Russian Scandinavian .. Scotch Slovak Total b 3. 769 876 23.2 o Abduction and kidnaping, violent assault, blackmail and extortion, burglary, homicide, robbery, and rape, b Includes 1 not reporting race. The total number of alien prisoners confined for these crimes who reported years in the United States was 3,769. Of this number, 876, or 23.2 per cent, had been in the country less than three years at the time of their commitment. The largest proportion committed within three years after arrival in the United States is found in the Russian group, being 38.1 per cent, while the smallest is that of the Chinese, or 3.3 per cent. In the case of 8 of the 22 races the proportion is 25 per cent or more. These races and their proportions are: Per cent. Russian 38. 1 Croatian 36. 6 Magyar 34.6 . 33.8 Polish. Italian, South Greek Canadian (other than French). French 29.0 27.7 25.0 25.0 In four other races — the Slovak, Fininsh, Mexican, and North Italian — the prisoners whose commitment occurred prior to three years of residence in the country compose over one-fifth of the number reporting years. Six of the remaining races have proportions of 10 per cent or more, while only four have less than 10 per cent. The latter are the Irish, Scotch, Scandinavian, and Chinese. Immigration and Crime. 205 BURGLARY, HOMICIDE, AND ROBBERY. Of the 876 alien prisoners who had been in the United States less than three years prior to commitment for the offenses enumerated in the preceding section, 739 were under sentence for burglary, homicide, or robbery. Burglary. — The total number of alien prisoners convicted of burglary was 1,198, of whom 267, or 23.3 per cent, had been in the country less than three years at the time of their imprisonment. TABLE 118. — Aliens in prison for burglary who had been in the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by race: United States, 1908. [Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.] Race. Number reporting years in United States. In United States less than 3 years prior to commitment. Number. Percent. African 9 25 24 3 9 124 11 26 180 10 103 63 18 133 11 23 131 100 19 62 35 10 0.0 24.0 25.0 .0 66.7 20.2 18.2 38.5 16.1 40.0 18.4 7.9 16.7 26.3 9.1 30.4 26.7 33.0 47.4 8.1 8.6 20.0 6 6 Chinese . . Croatian 6 25 2 10 29 4 19 5 3 35 1 7 35 33 9 5 3 2 English French German Greek Irish Italian North Italian South . . Magyar. Mexican Polish Russian . Scandinavian ... Scotch Slovak . . Total 1,198 267 22.3 While only 6 of those whose incarceration occurred before they had resided three years in the United States were of the Croatian race, this number comprised two-thirds of the total number of that race reporting years. This is a considerably larger proportion than is found in any of the other race groups; tne second in rank being the Russian, which is 47.4 per cent, while the Greek proportion is 40 per cent, the French, 38.5 per cent, and the Polish, 33 per cent. No prisoners of the African or Chinese races are found among those committed for burglary before they had been three years in the country, while of the Irish prisoners under sentence for burglary only 7.9 per cent belonged to this class. Homicide. — Of the alien prisoners committed for homicide, 1,524 reported years in the United States. Of this number, 36®, or 24 per cent, had been committed before they had resided three years in the country. Among six of the races the proportion of those whose period of residence prior to commitment was less than three years exceeds one-fourth of the number reporting. 206 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 119. — Aliens in prison for homicide who had been in the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by race: United States, 1908. [Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.] Race. Number reporting vears in 'United States. In United States less than 3 years prior to commitment. Number. Per cent. African . . 26 17 15 37 23 55 32 11 97 15 13 25 83 517 19 59 206 80 13 27 11 50 4 2 3 1 4 7 6 2 17 4 1 3 18 155 5 21 40 26 5 3 2 10 15.4 11.8 20.0 2.7 17.4 12.7 18.8 18.2 17.5 26. 7 7.7 12.0 21.7 30.0 26.3 35.6 19.4 32.5 38.5 11.1 18.2 20.0 Canadian, French Canadian, Other Chinese Croatian Polish Finnish French German Greek. . . Hebrew Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian . .... Magyar MfiTfi^an Polish . . ... Russian Scandinavian Scotch Slovak . . Total o 1 , 524 365 24.0 a Includes 1 not reporting race. The greatest proportion is that of the Russian group, being 38.5 per cent. The other five races whose proportions exceed 25 per cent are the Magyar (35.6 per cent), Polish (32.5 per cent), South Italian (30 per cent), Greek (26.7 per cent), and Lithuanian (26.3 per cent). The Chinese contribute 37 prisoners to the number reporting years, but only 1 to the number committed within three years after arrival. The Chinese proportion is therefore only 2.7 per cent, or considerably less than that or any other race ; the next in rank being the Hebrew, which is 7.7 per cent. With the exception of the Chinese and Hebrew all of the races have over 10 per cent. In descending order of percentage the 22 races stand as follows with respect to alien prisoners committed for homicide before they had been three years in the United States. Per cent. Russian 38. 5 Magyar 35. 6 Polish 32.5 Italian, South 30. 0 Greek 26. 7 Lithuanian 26. 3 Italian, North 21. 7 Canadian, Other 20. 0 Slovak 20.0 Mexican 19. 4 Finnish 18.8 Per cent. French 18. 2 Scotch 18. 2 German 17. 5 Croatian 17.4 African 15. 4 English 12. 7 Irish ' 12.0 Canadian, French 11. 8 Scandinavian 11. 1 Hebrew 7.7 Chinese.. 2.7 Immigration and Crime. 207 Robbery. — Among two races, the Chinese and Lithuanian, no alien prisoners were found under sentence for robbery who had been in the United States less than three years at the time of commitment, while among eight of the races only 1 such prisoner appeared. In all, 107, or 23.1 per cent of the 463 prisoners convicted of robbery who re- ported years in the United States had been in the country less than three years prior to commitment. The largest proportion is that of the Finns, 2 of whom reported years, and both of these having been aornmitted within three years after arrival. Second in rank is the proportion of the Croatian, or 75 per cent, there being 4 prisoners or this race who reported years, of whom 3 had resided in the country less than three years when imprisoned. TABLE 120. — Aliens in prison for robbery who had been in the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by race: United States, 1908. [Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.] Race. Number reporting years in United States. In United States less than 3 years prior to commitment. Number. Per cent. African 9 7 10 7 4 36 2 6 34 6 15 23 18 153 3 10 33 19 3 18 12 12 1 1 4 11.1 14.3 40.0 .0 75.0 11.1 100.0 16.7 20.6 16.7 6.7 13.0 33.3 29.4 .0 20.0 30.3 31.6 33.3 5.6 8.3 16.7 Canadian French Canadian Other Chinese Croatian 3 4 2 1 7 1 1 3 6 45 English .*. Finnish French . . German G reek Hebrew ... Irish Italian, North Italian South . . Lithuanian Magyar 2 10 6 1 1 1 2 Mexican . . Polish Russian Scandinavian Scotch Slovak Total 463 107 23.1 The largest number of alien prisoners committed for robbery within three years after their arrival in the United States were of the South Italian race; but these comprise only 29.4 per cent of the total number under sentence for this crime who reported years, or a smaller proportion than that found in six other race groups. CHAPTER XII. CENSUS DATA ON CRIME. An investigation of the effect of immigration upon crime in the United States would not be complete without some survey of the data on crime gathered by the Census Bureau. The 1904 Report on Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions contains material which throws additional light on the criminality of immigrants as compared with the criminality of native Americans. This material concerns (1) all prisoners enumerated on June 30, 1904; (2) all prisoners committed to penal institutions during the calendar year 1904; (3) all juvenile delinquents enumerated hi institutions on June 30, 1904; and (4) all juvenile delinquents committed to institu- tions during the calendar year 1904. 1. PRISONERS ENUMERATED JUNE 30, 1904. NATIVITY. The enumeration of prisoners in 1904 was made on June 30. On that date 81,772 persons were found in penal institutions throughout the United States. This number did not include juvenile delinquents, of whom a separate enumeration was made. Of the 81,772 prisoners enumerated, 26,661 were colored, 26,087 of these being negroes. A trifle more than two- thirds of the prisoners enumerated (55,111, or 67.4 per cent) were white persons. As practically all the immigrant prisoners were whites, discussion may be confined to this group, and comparisons made of immigrants and natives of the same color. Or the 55,111 white prisoners, only 436 were of unknown nativity. Therefore the exclusion of these from the figures upon which per- centages are based does not greatly alter the percentages, while it renders them more accurate for purposes of comparison. In Table 121 is shown the per cent distribution, by nativity, of the white prisoners of known nativity enumerated on June 30, 1904 — 54,675 in number. In this table is also presented the per cent dis- tribution, by nativity, of the general white population of the country, 10 years of age and over, as enumerated in 1900. 209 210 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 121. — Per cent distribution of white prisoners enumerated June 30, 1904, and of general white population 10 years of age and over, 1900, by nativity and by States and Territories. State or Territory. White prisoners of known nativity enumerated June 30, 1904. General white pop- ulation 10 years of age and over: 1900. Per cent native. Per cent foreign- born. Per cent native. Per cent foreign- born. Continental United States. . 76.3 23.7 80.5 19.5 North Atlantic division 67.3 32.7 71.7 28.3 Maine 74.3 71.9 82.1 61.1 64.6 65.7 68.0 63. 8 73.2 93.5 25.7 28.1 17.9 38.9 35.4 34.3 32.0 36.2 26.8 6.5 84.2 75.2 84.5 63.5 61.7 67.7 67.7 70.4 79.7 95.9 15.8 24.8 15.5 36.5 38.3 32.3 32.3 29.6 20.3 4.1 New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey . . . . .... Pennsylvania South Atlantic division Delaware («) 86.8 (•) 97.3 93.1 99.2 97.9 98.3 86.4 84.0 («) 13.2 «,7 6.9 .8 2.1 1.7 13.6 16.0 88.9 87.6 87.9 97.9 96.7 99.5 98.7 98.6 91.4 79.4 11.1 12.4 12.1 2.1 3.3 .5 1.3 1.4 8.6 20.6 Maryland ... ... District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina .... ... Georgia Florida North Central division Ohio 85.3 94.0 80.7 75.9 70.3 69.0 87.5 90-8 65.2 74.2 84.7 96.4 89.5 14.7 6.0 19.3 24.1 29.7 31.0 12.5 9.2 34.8 25.8 15.3 3.6 10.5 85.9 92.7 74.0 71.8 67.2 61.5 82.2 90.4 51.6 68.9 77.9 88.4 95.1 14.1 7.3 26.0 28.2 32.8 38.5 17.8 9.6 48.4 31.1 22.1 11.6 4.9 Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin • . . . . Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Central division Kentucky 98.7 98.2 96.3 96.5 92.3 79.8 1.3 1.8 3.7 3.5 7.7 20.2 96.4 98.5 98.0 98.4 90.4 90.1 3.6 1.5 2.0 1.6 9.6 9.9 Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Indian Territory* Oklahoma (a) 94.8 74.9 (a) 5.2 25.1 94.2 97.9 75.4 5.8 2.1 24.6 Arkansas Western division Montana ... 72.8 86.7 81.5 81.4 50.2 78.8 (•) 73 2 27.2 13.3 18.5 18.6 49.8 21.2 (a) 26.8 26.8 14.2 26.6 65.5 76.3 78.6 90.3 70.1 73.0 70.7 81.0 74.2 82.9 72.7 34.5 23.7 21.4 9.7 29.9 27.0 29.3 19.0 25.8 17.1 27.3 Wyoming Colorado New Mexico. . Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington 73.2 85.8 73.4 Oregon. . California a Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. Immigration and Crime. 211 In the United States at large nearly one-fourth (23.7 per cent) of the white prisoners were immigrants. In the five geographical divisions of me country, however, the proportion varied greatly. Immigrants composed but 6.5 per cent, or approximately one- fifteenth, of the white prisoners enumerated in the South Atlantic States. On the other hand, nearly one- third (32.7 per cent) of the white prisoners in the North Atlantic States were immigrants. The range of distribution of prisoners of native and foreign birth is wider yet in the individual States. Of the white prisoners enumerated in North Carolina 0.8 per cent were foreign-born, while of those enu- merated in Arizona 49.8 per cent were foreign-born. This means that in North Carolina there was 1 immigrant in every 125 white pris- oners and that in Arizona there were 62 immigrants in every 125 white prisoners. Between these two extremes lie all other States in proportion of immigrants among their white prisoners. In five of these other States immigrants composed over one-third of the white prisoners. Four of these were States of the North Atlantic division, in which division every State except yermont had a larger propor- tion than 25 per cent of immigrants in its total of white prisoners. Such figures as these show the presence of the immigrant in the prison population. They fail, however, to indicate the relative criminality of immigrants and natives. As the prison population may be largely determined by the character of the general popula- tion, the representation of immigrants in the prison population must be compared with their representation in the general population before much can be determined regarding the quantity of immigrant crime. Such representation of immigrants in the general population of 1900 is shown in the right-hand column of the preceding table. Here only persons 10 years of age or over are included in the figures in order that the presence of a large number of children under 10 years among the native whites and an extremely small number among the immigrant whites may not produce percentages that are mani- festly unfair to the immigrant.0 » According to the figures shown, immigrants were more in evidence in the prison population than in the general population. That is, if the percentages given in Table 121 may be taken to represent comparable things, immigrants contributed to the prison class hi excess of their representation in the general population. If this was true, immigrants were more criminal (quantitatively) than natives. « If the general population of all ages be taken, the basis for the comparison will not be equitable for several reasons. Inmates of the general prisons are all at least 10 years of age and nearly all over 15. For the most part the immigrants are between 15 and 40 years of age. The number of children under 10 years of age is extremely small among the white immigrants as compared with the native whites. In view of these facts a comparison of the proportions of each nativity class in the white prison population with the corresponding proportions of the general population of all agea would clearly be unfair, for the inclusion of children under 10 years of age would so increase the proportion of natives in the general population that it would seem as if crime were more prevalent among the foreign-born as compared with the native white than is actually the case. Therefore children under 10 years of age are omitted, and the figures given for the general population in Table VII (shown above as Table 121) refer only to those at least 10 years of age. Even with this exclusion the figures are, on the whole, less favorable to the foreign-born white prisoners than the facts warrant, a> no account could be taken of the large immigration between 1900 and 1904. — Pris- oners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1904. Bureau of the Census, pp. 18-19. 212 The Immigration Commission. Yet a further analysis of the figures suggests the possible error of such a conclusion. While it is true that for the country as a whole, and for four of the five geographical divisions as units, the foreign- born formed a larger percentage of the prison population than of the general population 10 years of age or over, in 21 individual States such was not the case. Moreover, 10 of these States were in geo- graphical divisions which as divisions showed the excess of immi- grant prison representation over immigrant population representa- tion. Such conflict of evidence makes doubtful the accuracy of the basis of comparison. Indeed the Census Report admits that — in some respects * * * a comparison with the total white population 10 years of age and over is hardly fair to the foreign-born. Very few prisoners are under the age of 15, and the great majority of prisoners, 94.5 per cent of the total number, are males. Therefore it is perhaps more significant when the percentage of foreign-born among white prisoners is compared with the percentage of foreign-born in the white popu- lation 15 years of age and over, classified by sex.° Then follows in the Census Report this table: Division. Among white prisoners of known nativ- ity enumer- ated June 30, 1904. In the genera] white popula- tion 15 years of age and over, 1900. Total. Male. Female. Continental United States 23.7 21.9 23.0 20.7 North Atlantic 32.7 6.5 16.0 10.5 25.1 30.8 4.8 23.3 5.6 27.4 31.8 5.3 24.8 6.2 29.8 29.8 4.3 21.8 5.0 24.1 South Atlantic North Central South Central Western Per cent foreign-born — Commenting thereon, the Census Report says: The figures presented above give little support to the popular belief that the foreign- born contribute to the prison class greatly in excess of tneir representation in the gen- eral population. Of the three divisions in which the foreign-born are of great impor- tance, the North Atlantic is the only one where the foreign-born are relatively more numerous among the white prisoners than in the general white population. In this division they form 30.8 per cent of the general white population at least 15 years of age and 32.7 per cent of the white prisoners. In the North Central States, on the other hand, the corresponding percentages are 23.3 for the general population, as contrasted with only 16 per cent for the prisoners. As no allowance has been made for the great influx of foreign-born since 1900, which affects chiefly the North Atlantic division, the figures can not be regarded as indicating a greater criminal tendency among the foreign^ born whites than among the native. These conclusions are generally substantiated by the figures for the prisoners committed during 1904 p Now even this comparison is open to criticism. The newT table was compiled in order that justice might be done the immigrant in the figures. Yet after stating that "the great majority of prisoners, 94.5 per cent of the total number, are males," no separation of the sexes was made hi the percentages of prisoners, although such a sepa- ration was made in the percentages of population. That this some- what detracts from the accuracy of the comparison is evident when Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1904, p. 19. Immigration and Crime. 213 it is discovered that 8.5 per cent of the white immigrant prisoners were females and only 4.1 per cent of the white native prisoners.0 The percentage of immigrants in the total body of prisoners is therefore greater than in the male portion only; yet it is with the percentage of im mi^rai. cs in the male portion of the population that it is compared. While the number of female prisoners is too small for their exclusion to make great changes in the percentages, it is interesting to note the differences, especially as they suggest the necessity of taking every factor into consideration in comparing the criminality of immigrants and natives. In the general Among white white Division. prisoners of known nativity enumerated June 30, 1904. popula- tion 15 years of age and over, 1900. Total. Male. Male. Continental United States 23 7 22 6 23 o North Atlantic 32 7 31 1 31 8 South Atlantic 6 5 5 9 5 3 North Central 16 0 15 1 24 g South Central 10 5 10 5 6 2 Western 25.1 25.0 29.8 Per cent foreign-born — The changes which the new percentages (of male prisoners) make in the comparison are not great, out they are enlightening. When total prison population was compared with male general population, the figures indicated that the foreign-born contributed to the prison class slightly in excess of its representation in the population; this appeared true, not only for the country as a whole, but for the North Atlantic, the South Atlantic, and the South Central divisions as units. The inclusion of the North Atlantic division among those in which the immigrant appeared unduly represented in the prison population lent importance to the fact, for in this division were enumerated 61.4 per cent of all the white immigrant prisoners. When the prisoners are classified by sex, however, and the repre- sentation of the foreign-born in the male prison population is com- pared with their representation in the general male population 15 years of age and over it is found that the immigrant is more in evidence in the prison population than in the general population only in the two Southern groups of States. And it is in these States that fewest immigrant prisoners were enumerated — 627 of the 12,945 in the coun- try. In the North Atlantic States, where the majority of the immi- grant prisoners were enumerated, immigrants composed 31.1 per cent of the white male prisoners and 31.8 per cent of the white male popula- tion 15 years of age or over. In the United States as a whole 22.6 per cent of the white male prisoners were immigrants and 23 of the white male population at least 15 years of age. The census of prison- <* Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1904, p. 16 (Table V.) 214 The Immigration Commission. ers therefore gives no reason for believing immigrant crime relatively greater in quantity in 1904 than native crime; in fact the figures make it appear somewhat less." And this does not take into consideration the probably more favorable showing which the foreign-born would make were the population figures those of 1904 instead of 1900. Another comparison that is of interest, and not without value, is that of difference in the proportions of immigrant and native prison- ers in 1890 and 1904. The figures for the two years are as follows: Division. White prisoners of known nativity. Per cent native. Per cent foreign- born. 1904. 1890. 1904. 1890. Continental United States 76.3 71.8 23.7 28.3 North Atlantic 67.3 93.5 84.0 89.5 74.9 65.6 89.6 76.4 83.9 67.2 32.7 6.5 16.0 10.5 25.1 34.4 10.4 23.6 16.2 32.8- South Atlantic . . North Central South Central Western The striking feature of these figures is that they show the propor- tion of immigrant prisoners to have decreased. In 1904 a smaller percentage of the white prisoners were immigrants than in 1890. The figures show this to have been true not only in the United States at large but in each of the five geographical divisions. The corrollary to this fact of decreased proportion of immigrant prisoners is increased proportion of native prisoners. In 1904 native prisoners formed in every division of the United States a larger percentage of the total number of white prisoners than in 1890. The result of the enumeration of prisoners on June 30, 1904, was, if the figures and the foregoing interpretation of them are correct, to show that, in quantity at least, immigrant crime was relatively less important than native crime, and that in the 14 years lying between the enumerations of 1890 and 1904 immigrant crime had decreased in relative amount, while native crime had correspondingly increased. MAJOR AND MINOR OFFENDERS. The questions then arise, In what ways did immigrant and native criminality differ qualitatively ? What was the nature of the crimes of immigrants and of those of natives ? A classification of prisoners of native and of foreign birth according to the character of their offenses might therefore add to the meaning of the figures just shown. Such a classification has been made in Table 122, which shows the percentage of major and minor offenders among the prisoners of each nativity enumerated on June 30, 1904. ''Major" and "minor" are here used to indicate the relative gravity of the offenses for which the prisoners were incarcerated. They do not a Only immigrants and natives being considered in a body of prisoners of known nativity, a less representation of immigrants in the prison population than in the gen- eral population means a greater representation of natives. Immigration and Crime. 215 afford exact measures of criminality, for to determine whether one offense is more serious than another is not always possible. But as a general characterization of crime they are perhaps apt enough to make valuable the separation of prisoners that they here effect.0 TABLE 122. — Per cent of major and minor offenders among prisoners enumerated JuneSO, 1904, classified by color and nativity, and by wain geographic divisions. Geographic division and class of offenders. Per cent distribution of prisoners enumerated June 30 1904. Aggre- gate. White. Colored. Total. Native. For- eign- born. Nativ- ity un- known. Total. Negro. Mon- golian. Indian. Continental United States. . . Major offenders 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 72.5 72.5 67.1 32.9 70.3 29.7 58.3 41.7 24.3 75.7 83.7 16. 3 83.8 16.2 100.0 77.9 22. 1 76.0 240 Minor offenders North Atlantic 100. 0 i 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 (a) 100.0 (a) (•) Major offenders 55.0 45.0 100.0 53.2 46.8 100.0 56.2 43.8 100.0 47.3 52.7 100.0 (•) («) 100.0 68.8 31.2 100.0 68.8 31.2 100.0 (a) («) («) (°) (°) («) Minor offenders South Atlantic Major offenders Minor offenders North Central 82.0 18.0 100.0 72.3 27.7 100.0 75.1 24.9 100.0 74.6 25.4 100.0 38.0 62.0 100.0 85.4 14.6 100.0 85.4 146 100.0 (°) («) («> 100.0 Major offenders Minor offenders South Central 77.2 22.8 100.0 76.5 23.5 100.0 78.1 21.9 100.0 72.8 27.2 100.0 6.8 93.2 (•) 80.0 20.0 100.0 80.1 19.9 100.0 (<*) (•) 79.7 20.3 (°) Major offenders Minor offenders Western . . 88.8 11.2 100.0 88.3 11.7 100.0 88.0 12.0 100.0 91.9 8.1 100.0 88.9 11.1 100.0 89.0 11.0 100.0 (°) (•) 100.0 («) (°) 100.0 Major offenders Minor offenders 77.7 22.3 78.1 21.9 78.8 21.2 76.3 23.7 (•) (°) 741 25.9 73.2 26.8 78.4 21.6 71.2 28.8 a Per cent not shown where base is less than iOO. In all sections of the country major offenders were more numerous among the native white prisoners than minor offenders. In each geographical division except the North Atlantic the same was also true of white prisoners of foreign birth. In the North Atlantic States, however, major offenders composed only 47.3 per cent of all white immigrant prisoners, while minor offenders composed 52.7 per cent. It is true that in this group of States major and minor offenders were more evenly distributed among native prisoners than in any other section of the country, but the former were here, as elsewhere, the more numerous, composing 56.2 per cent of the total a All crimes that are universally held to be of a grave nature, regardless of how they happen to be punished in individual instances, have invariably been classed as major offenses. Among them are the most aggravated forms of offenses against chastity, as enumerated in Table 4; perjury, counterfeiting, and various violations of the United States laws; all the specified crimes against the person; and arson, burglary, forgery, and embezzlement among the specified crimes against property. The rule has been followed by classifying larceny and a number of other offenses, which may or may not be of a serious nature, as minor offenses when the term of imprisonment was not for more than one year.— Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1904, p. 28. 216 The Immigration Commission. number of native white prisoners as opposed to the minor offenders, who formed only 43.8 per cent. There was evident a tendency in this geographical division to a greater proportion of minor offenders than in any other part of the country. The census explanation of the excess of minor offenders over major offenders among the foreign- born prisoners is probably the true one — -"the concentration of the foreign-born in urban communities where minor offenses are severely punished." On the other hand, the presence of a large part of the native population in rural communities, where minor offenses are relatively less common and less severely punished, tends to make the propor- tion of major offenders in that group of prisoners exceed the minor. With the exception of the North Atlantic States the major offenders outnumbered the minor offenders among the immigrant as well as among the native prisoners in all sections of the country. Such excess of the major offenders was greatest in the South Central States, as is shown by these figures : Geographic division and class of offenders. Native white. Foreign white. North Atlantic: Major offenders 56.2 47.3 Minor offenders 43 8 52 7 South Atlantic: Major offenders 75.1 74.6 Minor offenders 24 9 25 4 North Central: Major offenders. ... . .... ......... . .. .. 78.1 72.8 Minor offenders 21.9 27.2 South Central: Major offenders ... . ...... .. 88.0 91.9 Minor offenders 12 0 8 1 Western: Major offenders . ............. . . . . . . 78.8 76.3 Minor offenders 21 2 23 7 This ( the South Central) was the only group of States in which the percentage of major offenders among white immigrant prisoners exceeded the percentage of such offenders among the white nonim- migrant prisoners. In each of the other geographical divisions the major and minor offenders were more evenly distributed among the immigrant prisoners than among the nonimmigrant. The conclusion to be drawn from such figures is that of the two bodies of criminals — the immigrant and the native — the native (or American born) exhibited in general a tendency to commit more serious crimes than the immigrant. The criminality of the latter consisted more largely of the minor offenses that are in considerable measure a result of congested city life. This is clearly indicated in the detailed figures showing the offenses of prisoners in the several geographical divisions. One-ninth of the total number of prisoners enumerated in the United States were prisoners confined in North Atlantic penal insti- tutions for " offenses against public policy." Compared with the rest of the country the number of such prisoners is striking. In the whole United States 15,308 prisoners were in penal institutions for offenses against public policy; 9,178, or approximately three-fifths of this number, were in the North Atlantic States alone. And in this group of States the population is moie largely gathered into urban Immigration and Crime. 217 communities (chiefly cities of manufacture) than in any other section of the country. Another comparison that is of interest is that of white prisoners of foreign birth with negro prisoners (practically all of whom were probably native born) — a comparison — that is, of the immigrant and the negro. In the North Atlantic, South Atlantic, and North Central divisions major offenders formed a smaller part of the body of white immigrant prisoners than of that of negro prisoners. In the South Central and Western States, however, conditions were reversed. In the first three geographical divisions named the major offenders were less common among the white immigrant prisoners than among the nonimmigrant, both white and negro, and in the Western States, as well, the immigrant percentage was less than that of the native white, although greater in that division and in the South Central than the negro percentage. This separation of major and minor offenders adds evidence favor- able to the immigrant prisoner. It shows that the offenses of immi- grant prisoners were less frequently of a serious nature (major offenses) than were the offenses of native prisoners. Thus, the data gathered in the 1904 enumeration of prisoners showed that the immi- grant prisoners were relatively fewer in number and had been incar- cerated for less serious offenses than the native prisoners. 2. PRISONERS COMMITTED DURING 1904. Of the 149,691 prisoners committed to penal institutions through- out the United States during the year 1904, 86,833 were white persons born in this country, 35,093 were white persons born abroad, and 23,698 were negroes. These three classes of persons thus composed the following proportions of the total body of prisoners committed during the year: Native white, 58 per cent; foreign white, 23.4 per cent; negro, 15.8 per cent; leaving 2.7 per cent made up of Mongolians, Indians, and white persons of unknown nativity. The representation of the native whites was larger among the male prison- ers than among the female, while the opposite was true of the foreign whites and the negroes. The native whites furnished 59.4 per cent of the male prisoners and 44 per cent of the female prisoners; the foreign whites 22.4 per cent of the male and 33.6 per cent of the female; and the negroes 15.3 per cent of the male and 21.3 per cent of the female. 79340°— VOL 36—11 15 218 The Immigration Commission. 4 I 1 I G fl a| .2 c r-l -^ OO CO^O 4O §CDCO c; JOCOTj co"e-f - r- r -^iooo6 «c rH CO rH OO OrH t- co ill S CO CO CO O »OO t^» • i-H n age tag age Native Native pa Foreign p Mixed pa Parentage Foreign-born Nativity unk red Neg Ind H c d SB 3*^:35 0 0 CO rH CO 00 rH 10 00 8 s cso^^co^ 0 5 S33SS35 o r- •^ (31 t- CC «O (M lO 8 - S3 "•"" 0 8 2 00 CO 10 00 (N t-1 CC rJ IOCO rH o SQ O5 10 CO >O O O (N CO CO CO CO »O OTjO Co -^ t-- o 8 SB CD CO •<*< CO CO CO rH o I o g (N 10 CD t- -* 0 •* 0 rH ,7 32.2 37.5 26.4 6.6 73.4 64.1 69.8 54.1 62.1 62.5 67.3 61.4 72.4 88.5 26.6 35.9 30.2 45.9 37.9 37.5 32.7 38.6 27.6 11.5 New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania South Atlantic division Delaware (°7>,3 <£• 92.9 99.3 95.1 95.1 83.9 79.8 It w,< 7.1 .7 4.9 4.9 16.1 20.2 %, "?,9 «%L1 1. 93.0 99.4 (0) 88.6 (a) 78.7 ('kr «M 7.0 .6 (•) 11.4 W 21.3 Maryland .... District of Columbia Virginia 95.6 92.5 99.2 w 98.2 (•) 843 4.4 7.5 («)' 1.8 w 15.7 West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida North Central division Ohio 77.4 91.5 80.2 75.8 69.0 64.5 86.6 92.9 68.6 82.5 85.3 92.5 92.9 22.6 8.5 19.8 24.2 31.0 35.5 13.4 7.1 31.4 17.5 14.7 7.5 7.1 86.9 91.9 79.7 75.9 74.0 66.8 87.0 92.3 («) («) 85.7 94.5 90.3 13.1 8.1 20.3 24.1 26.0 33.2 13.0 7.7 W W 14.3 5.5 9.7 75.7 91.4 80.4 75.8 68.2 63.9 86.6 93.3 71.1 81.3 85.2 90.5 95.0 24.3 8.6 19.6 24.2 31.8 36.1 13.4 6.7 28.9 18.8 148 9.5 5.0 Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa . . . Missouri North Dakota. . South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Central division Kentucky. . . 99.2 98.7 96.6 96.9 87.9 82.6 .8 1.3 3.4 3.1 12.1 17.4 98.2 97.3 («) (0) 90.9 78.1 1.8 2.7 W 99.7 100.0 W 95.7 8(5.7 88.3 .3 Tennessee Alabama W,3 13.3 11.7 Mississippi Louisiana 9.1 21.9 Texas Indian Territory Oklahoma (°i7 72.7 (°) 4.3 27.3 M 94.2 75.2 (°) W 72.1 8 27.9 Arkansas 5.8 24.8 Western division Montana 72.1 77.4 71.8 84.2 72.7 72.6 76.7 83.3 73.7 82.0 71.5 27.9 22.6 28.2 15.8 27.3 27.4 23.3 16.7 26.3 18.0 28.5 747 (fl) 83.1 (°) 51.4 82.7 w («) 71.6 82.2 72.9 25.3 W 16.9 "i, 17.3 (a) W 28.4 17.8 27.1 71.4 <«) 61.5 W 83.7 70.4 76.9 82.3 74.8 81.8 71.3 28.6 (•) 38.5 W 16.3 29.6 23.1 17.7 25.2 18.2 28.7 Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona... Utah Nevada... Idaho Washington Oregon California.. . « Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. 222 The Immigration Commission. The largest percentage of immigrant prisoners was in the North Atlantic States, where over one-third (35 per cent) of all white pris- oners were foreign-born. The smallest was in the South Central States, where they composed only 7.1 per cent. In each of the North Atlantic States more than one-fourth of the prisoners committed dur- ing the year were of foreign birth, the smallest proportion being in Maine, where it was 25.7 per cent, and the largest in Massachusetts, where it was 44.8 per cent. In five of the nine North Atlantic States more than one- third of all white prisoners committed in 1904 were immigrants. These States were New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Jersey. In only one other State in the country — Minnesota — was the proportion of the foreign- born so large as one in every three. The native-born formed a larger part of the major offenders than of the minor offenders in each geographical division except the South Central, while with the same exception the foreign-born formed a smaller part. In every State of the North Atlantic group for which figures are shown immigrants composed a smaller percentage of the major than of the minor offenders, while the native-born composed a larger percentage. In the South Atlantic division, West Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina were States in which the opposite was true. In the North Central division Illinois and Missouri were the only excep- tions, and in the South Central, Louisiana, and in the Western, Arizona and Washington did not conform to this rule. Thus out of the 33 States and Territories for which figures are shown, there were only 10 in which the foreign-born furnished a larger proportion of the major offenders than of the minor offenders, while in 23 States and Territories the native-born were more conspicuous among the major than among the minor offenders. The significance of the percentages of foreign-born among the white major and minor offenders committed during 1904 can best be brought out by comparing them with corresponding percentages of foreign-born in the general white population 15 years of age and over, classified by sex, as is done for geographic divisions in the follow- ing tabular statement. As the comparison makes no allowance for the large additions to the foreign-born between 1900 and 1904, the percentages are less favorable to the foreign-born than would otherwise have been the case. Per cent foreign-born. Division. Among white prisoners of known nativity committed during 1904. In general white population 15 years of age and over, 1900. Total. Major offend- ers. Minor offend- ers. Total. Male. Female. Continental United States North Atlantic 28.8 21.7 30.1 21.9 23.0 20.7 35.0 10.0 20.2 7.1 27.3 30.7 6.6 15.7 9.7 24.8 35.5 11.5 21.3 5.0 27.9 30.8 4.8 23.3 5.6 27.4 31.8 5.3 24.8 6.2 29.8 29.8 4.3 21.8 5.0 24.1 South Atlantic North Central South Central . . . Western Immigration and Crime. 223 Unlike the figures for the prisoners enumerated on June 30, 1904, those for the prisoners committed during 1904 show that the foreign-born whites contribute to the prison class materially in excess of their representation in the general population. This condition, however, is practically confined to the North Atlantic States, for in both the other two divisions in which the foreign-born are of great numerical impor- tance they form a smaller proportion of the prisoners than of the general white popula- tion 15 years of age and over. In the Western division the difference is very slight, but in the North i '(Mitral States the foreign-born constitute 23.3 per cent of the general white population and only 20.2 per cent of the white prisoners. In the North Atlantic division the percentages of foreign-born are 30.8 in the general population and 35 among the prisoners. That the figures for the prisoners committed during the year are more unfavorable to the foreign-born than the figures for the prisoners enumerated on the given date, is due to the fact that the prisoners committed during the year contain a larger pro- portion of minor offenders and the foreign-born are relatively of more importance among minor offenders than among major. The foreign-born do not contribute to the white major offenders above their repre- sentation in the general population at least 15 years of age except in the two Southern divisions, where they are comparatively unimportant. In the Western division, and more especially in the North Central, the proportion of foreign-born is considerably lower among the white major offenders than in the white general population. Among the white minor offenders the proportion of foreign-born is generally higher than among the white major offenders, and in the North Atlantic, South Atlantic, and \\Ystern divisions exceeds the proportion of foreign-born in the general white popula- tion. In the North Central division the foreign-born contribute 23.3 per cent of the general white population at least 15 years of age, and only 21.3 per cent of the white minor offenders. From these figures, as well as from those for the prisoners enumerated on June 30, 1904, it is evident that the popular belief that the foreign-born are filling the prisons has little foundation in fact. It would seem, however, that they are slightly more prone than the native whites to commit minor offenses. Possibly to some degree this is attributable to the fact that the foreign-born white are more highly concentrated in urban communities.0 PARENTAGE. In three States more than one-half of all native white prisoners committed during 1904 were the children of immigrants, both parents being foreign-born. In six other States the children of immigrants composed over one-third of all native white prisoners of known parentage. These 9 States were as follows: Per cent. New Jersey 39. 5 New Hampshire 36. 6 Pennsylvania 34. 1 Maine . 33.6 Per cent. Massachusetts 62. 9 Connecticut 55. 8 Rhode Island 53. 9 Minnesota 40. 4 Wisconsin 39. 6 Seven of these States are in the North Atlantic division and of these are the three in which half the native white prisoners of known parent- age were the children of immigrants. • Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1904, pp. 40-41. 224 The Immigration Commission. ^ 00 CO t- 1C 00 t- iC -* 1C ,-H 0 CO 1C O5 i-t 1C O CO i-H O ^ CO O CO •«»< t-~ O >C O I 1 If 1 III a 00 S O CO CO i-H CO O r4 i-H ^< CO ? t e Per cent of mixed parentage.o 3 t~ t^ •* 06 06 oo ic O5 c4 «o «H • 00 rH O t^. O 1C "5 O 00 00 i-t CO 1C CN 1C >C -~6 •* CO | i «,fl|j 1C t- if iC O d IN (M t» T»< O W C>J t>- O CO ^ CO o * rH •*» P H P i 1 fi «u bfi p! = £££ £ CN i-Hr-l CM O5 •* CO CO .-I •* •* •*• T3 -^ G a> o t* ** CMO^HCO 0 oo co 05 e« •«* O5 •<*< 1C ^ •* 1-H W [1 I a o i If " CO ^sV"8" " s's N 2"""""" ^ rl risoners of k Per cent of native parentage. O5 g 0 ts £SSV3K S rH COO i o * e i i 9 2 I i> •H 5 ^ i 1 \ t 4 State or Territc Continental United States North Atlantic division i i :•:;•: i ; g Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida North Central division fl.2Mg§ sllpls Immigration and Crime, 225 *********** .H»OCOCM~ "* CM 3>^H-, at co o co co •c ^ oc eo^i i-: fc — CM CO 0 0 — -»• C t- •* s ^ »o t^ ,-10 oo 06 »o 06 wi o co e,e. e, e,e, e. e. Ui** I (MO 0 0 CO ssLJss ££g 0 CO t- 01^ OS COO «0> 0 s^gss si CO CO O5 ^^o"^o~ CO O CO O CM t^t^ * so>«cioo6 ci *«« CO COOO >C 1-H CMCOIMCOOOO 0>t^«OCO COirJOOCCOJO ^i CO OJ 00 i-lO O5CO 1-H OO 582S" - r-< ^4 co eo "i i-^ g" « i <-* "i<-2 eg gj -H«C t- •«• rl 00 1- OOCNt^CN s-^O> Is* a o I > II - tUj 1 £J5 g g O ogtj £ ^co^^ | : : : : ' KJ i^ 1« ' 1 : | § i 1 I 226 The Immigration Commission. In the North and South Atlantic States persons of native parentage were found in larger proportion among the- major offenders than among the minor offenders. In the North Central, South Central, and West- ern States they contributed more largely to the ranks of the minor offenders. The American-born children of immigrants were more conspicuous among the major than among the minor offenders in the South Central States only. In the North Atlantic division, the South Atlantic, the North Central, and the Western the children of immigrants were less prominent among the major than among the minor offenders. In the North Atlantic States they formed 31.7 per cent of the major offenders and 39.7 per cent of the minor offenders. These figures are of importance because of the large number of prisoners committed in this group of States (44,895, or 54.7 per cent of the 82,045 white prisoners of known parentage committed through- out the United States). In two of the North Atlantic States, New York and New Jersey, the relation of the American-born children of immigrants to major and minor offenders was reversed, but for the group of States as a whole minor offenses were relatively more com- mon than major offenses among the native-born of foreign parentage. Of the native white prisoners, 29.8 per cent were of foreign parentage, while of the entire native white population only 18.8 per cent were of foreign parentage. That this contrast is mainly the result of conditions in the North Atlantic States is indi- cated by the following tabular statement: Division. Per cent of foreign parentage.** Among na- tive white prisoners of known par- entage com- mitted dur- ing 1904. In native white gen- eral popu- lation, 1900. Continental United States 29.8 18.8 North Atlantic 38.8 4.5 22.1 4.8 21.8 26.8 3.6 23.3 4.4 21.8 South Atlantic North Central South Central Western a Includes only those with both parents foreign-born. In all the States of the North Atlantic division except New York the percentage of native white of foreign parentage among native white prisoners was greatly in excess of the percentages of native white of foreign parentage in the total native white popu- lation. In Massachusetts, for instance, 62.9 per cent of the native white prisoners were of foreign parentage, as compared with only 33.7 per cent of the native white population in 1900. In New York, on the other hand, only 28.3 per cent of the native white prisoners were of foreign parentage, as compared with 33.5 per cent of the total native white population. In all the States of the Western division, in all but Ohio and Indiana of the North Central, and in all but West Virginia and Georgia of the South Atlantic, the native whites of foreign parentage formed a smaller percentage of the native white prisoners than of the general native white population. In most of the States of the South Cen- tral division, on the other hand, the native whites of foreign parentage contribute to the prison class in excess of their representation in the general population, but in both the southern divisions the native white of foreign parentage are a comparatively unimportant class.0 « Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1904, p. 42. Immigration and Crime. 227 With regard to major offenders, 22 per cent were of foreign parent- age, while only 18.8 per cent of the native white population was of foreign parentage in 1900. In the North Atlantic and South Central States the representation of the American-born children of immi- grants among major offenders was greater than in the native white population. In the South Atlantic, North Central, and Western States, however, the reverse was true. The percentage of persons of foreign parentage among the minor offenders was in excess of their representation in the general native white population in the North Atlantic, South Atlantic, and Western divisions, but less than their representation in the population in the North Central and South Central divisions. OFFENSE AND COUNTRY OF BIRTH. The two facts most important in a study of immigrant criminality are the race of the offender and the nature of his offense. Census statistics do not reveal race, but they show what may serve as a sub- stitute in grouping immigrants— country of birth. In the table below prisoners have been classified by color, nativity, and country of birth, and the per cent distribution of major and minor offenders shown by offense. Such a tabulation makes possible the comparison of the relative frequency of various offenses among offenders from various countries, grouped as major and minor offenders. 228 The Immigration Commission. I 1 I g I E ( . 2 ic* 3 CO CO -^ ICrHCO ICOOrHCOCO OS •* •<*< 05 05 C* Oi o; a§ i c O0r»t rH rH t~ i-l rH rH CO «C -S""" S» ? .3 ,a « o 00 t- :« C0«5 rHrH I O> rH O OO l>- O t^- • CC : 3 "S P 8 rH C4 J rH COrH .OrH g- OiCOrHN ; JO * •8 g CO ro | .1 a 3 13 8 (N COrH OrHC^ £ o 2 s £ o 3 JS| I CON ' j co ' "t^ gj OOO»C •* O5 CO COrH-^rH ' O> °^ 2 " On 0 If 8 3 ^rH ' ' * ' 0 JSS3 0 "5 O5CO rH " •<* * a o C M o •*« -^ oi co e COrH O CO •* ••* i-^ "i co ' co * • , . o •f. COTCOSC35 I 1C 00 rH rH C^ >C CO CO t^ t- OO OO M< »C •* o t^coeo I-H *. S § --- • ' « • '-- s cot-Troe>i " SOOO o^,oc,- ! ^ OO«O t^CM CS agj«J CO • CO COOCM O -' / -' ' • OJ 0000 OS SO r- oooo^ " t^ ^ OOOU50-< ?i^dc4 " 00 2 eMrHCMc»r- 853"*- " oo ^ CM C-l 0 50 r- ?i^wi'-: 00 2^ ! : : : : : eo rH rH rH cv ao oo co co t^. O O 12 3O 00 iS CO rH Tj.iO.-iCO COiOiOCOt-rH S '8 O5CO>OCM t^ i-H C5 T »O co -co rH r^.« o a> 0 0 ^ 00 rHJO 0> w 'tr & O CM CNCM si Is! ' i-l C5 «O ~* — ^ «O t^ t^rH CO l^.rHrH CO rH r- oo >c c^i r~- CM OO •* CO rH f CM CO TT »O CO 0 CO CO °° "S^ ^ •*•" * CO rH ' -* COOCOOKO CO O O5CM CN r-l C. --I CM t-o> o t^ t-- CM OOCS I-H «O 10 1^ eft -* 01 O rHCOO CM >O 230 The Immigration Commission. Major offenders. — First considering the major offenders, it appears that offenses against chastity, against public policy, and against the person were relatively more frequent among the foreign-born as a whole than among the native-born. Classifying the foreign-born by country of birth, it is found that of the 11 immigrant groups thus formed, 5 exceeded the native-born in percentage of offenses against chastity. These were the Austrian, Canadian, English and Welsh, Polish, and Swedish, of which the Canadian had the largest percentage, 9.3. In relative frequency of offenses against public policy the German, Irish, and Mexican immigrants exceeded the American-born, the largest percentage being that of the Irish, or 23.5 per cent. Offenses against the person occurred with greater relative frequency among the major crimes of the Austrians, Irish, Italians, Mexicans, Poles, Scotch, and Swedes than among those of the native-born. The Italians were notable in that over half their major crimes (57.1 per cent) consisted of offenses against the person. Offenses against property were relatively more frequent among the Canadians, English and Welsh, Germans, Russians, and Scotch than among the American born, the largest percentage of such offenses being that of the English and Welsh, 69.7 per cent. Of specific offenses, those grouped under offenses against the person and against property were committed by a sufficiently large number of persons, and are in general clearly enough defined to make com- parisons of the nativity groups valuable with regard to them. A striking condition is revealed by the figures for the various offenses against the person. Homicide, assault, robbery, and rape all occurred in larger proportion among the crimes of the Italians than among those of any other group of prisoners, native or foreign, white or colored. Furthermore, 5 immigrant groups had larger percentages of prisoners committed for homicide than the native-born, 8 had larger percentages committed for assault, 3 had larger percentages committed for robbery, and 6 had larger percentages committed for rape. Summarized in tabular form these results are as follows: TABLE 127. — Relative frequency of offenses against the person among major offenders committed during' 1904, by country of birth of offender. Homicide. Assault. Robbery. Rape. Country of birth of offender. Per cent. Country of birth of offender. Per cent. Country of birth of offender. Per cent. Country of birth of offender. Per cent. Italy 16.2 Italy 29.5 Italy 5.2 Italy 4.4 Sweden 13 0 Poland 24.2 Canada ...... 5.1 4.3 12 3 Austria 19 9 Scotland 5 0 Canada ....... 3.0 Mexico 9.8 Mexico 13.7 United States 4.7 Russia 3.0 Poland 7 0 Scotland 12.0 E ng land and Sweden 3.0 United States 6 4 Ireland 11 8 Wales 4 6 Mexico ....... 2.7 Germany 5.0 Germany 9.9 Ireland 4.5 United States 2.3 Canada 4.4 Russia 8.6 Sweden ... .... 4.0 Poland 2.2 Russia 3 7 United States 7 9 Russia 3.7 Scotland 2.0 3 6 Canada 7 3 Austria 3 3 Germany 1.8 Scotland 3.0 E ngland and Germany ........ 3.3 England and England and Wales . 5 8 Mexico . ... 1.6 Wales 1.5 Wales 2 8 Sweden 4 0 Poland 1.6 Ireland ........ 1.4 Immigration and Crime. 231 Of the offenses against property which are found among all the nationalities, burglary occurred with greatest relative frequency among the Mexicans, larceny among the Kussians, forgery ana fraud among the Scotch. Arranged like the offenses against the person, those against property show the several nationalities in the following relations: TABLE 128. — Relative frequency of offenses against property among major offenders committed during 1904, by country of birth of offender. Burglary. Larceny. Forgery. Fraud. Country of birth of offender. Per cent. Country of birth of offender. Per cent. Country of birth of offender. Per cent. Country of birth of offender. Per cent. Mexico 26.8 Russia 39 8 Scotland 9 0 Scotland 6 0 England and England and Sweden 7.0 Germany 2 9 Wales 26 0 Wales 35 5 6 9 Canada 23 8 Canada 32 5 United States 6 5 Wales 2 8 Scotland 23.0 Sweden . . . 32.0 Austria 6.2 United States 2 0 German v 22.3 Germany 31 9 Canada 5 7 Sweden 2 0 United States 22.0 United States 31.8 England and Mexico ...... 1.6 Sweden 21.0 Poland 31.2 Waies 5.5 Canada 1 2 Ireland 20 1 Austrii 28 0 Poland 5 4 Italy 1 2 Russia 19.3 Scotland .. .. 27.0 Russia 4.5 Poland 1.1 Austria .. ... 13.3 Mexico 25 7 Ireland 2 3 Russia 1 1 Poland... 10. '2 Ireland 25.3 Mexico 2.2 Austria . . .5 Italy 8.8 Italy 18.0 Italy 1.9 Ireland 5. Minor offenders. — Among the minor offenders, as among the major offenders, offenses against chastity, against public policy, and against the person were more common in the immigrant group than in the native. Offenses against property, on the other hand, occu- pied a larger place in the minor crimes of the native than of the foreign-born. While the most important group of major offenses is probably that against the person, the most important class of minor offenses appears to be that against public policy. Of all American-born minor offenders 73 per cent were committed for offenses against public policy and of all foreign-born minor offenders 79.4 per cent. Drunken- ness and disorderly conduct occurred in larger proportion among the offenses of immigrants than of natives, while the reverse was true of the violation of liquor laws and vagrancy. Three of these offenses — drunkenness, disorderly conduct, and vagrancy — -are of sufficient importance to warrant further notice. Drunkenness occurred in widely varying proportions among the immigrant groups, the largest being that of the Irish, or 49.8 per cent, and the smallest that of the Mexicans, or 2.7 per cent. Of native white prisoners 36.2 per cent were committed for this offense, or a smaller percentage than that of 5 of the nativity groups of the foreign-born. Disorderly conduct formed the largest percentage of the offenses of the Mexicans, or 27.6 per cent, and the smallest of the Canadians, or 5.7 per cent. Of the immigrant groups, 7 exceeded the native in proportion of prisoners committed for this offense. Vagrancy caused the commitment of a larger percentage of prisoners born in Germany than of those born hi any otner country, one-third (33.6 per cent) of all German minor offenders having been incarcer- 232 The Immigration Commission. ated for this offense. The smallest proportion, 14.3 per cent, was that of the Italians. The American born ranked sixth in percentage of prisoners committed for vagrancy, being exceeded by immigrants from 5 different countries. Arranged in the order of their percentages of these three offenses, the nativity groups enumerated in Table 126 bear the following rela- tions to each other: TABLE 129. — Relative frequency of drunkenness, disorderly conduct, and vagrancy among minor offenders committed during 1904, by country of birth of offender. Drunkenness. Disorderly conduct. Vagrancy. Country of birth of offender. Per cent. Country of birth of offender. Per cent. Country of birth of offender. Per cent. Ireland .. ........ 49.8 Mexico 27.6 Germany 33.6 Canada 48.3 Austria 25 3 England and Wales 29 5 Scotland 42.8 Russia 22.7 Scotland 29.0 England and Wales 38.5 Italy 20.7 Mexico 28.9 Sweden 34.5 Germany 17.5 United States 24.5 United States 29.7 Sweden 16.5 Sweden .... 23.7 Poland 18 1 Ireland 14 1 Ireland 23 6 Germany 17.9 United States 13.1 Austria 20.5 Russia 10 8 England and Wales 11.6 Poland 19. !> Austria 10.2 Scotland 11.2 Canada 17.8 Italy 7.3 Poland 10.9 Russia . 16.4 Mexico 2 7 Canada 5 7 Italy 14 3 In the census report a comparison is made between the representa- tion of immigrants born in the various countries in the body of white immigrant prisoners and their representation in the general popula- tion of foreign birth. The population figures, however, are those of 1900, while the figures of prisoners are those of 1904. As the immi- gration from the several countries was very unequal during the period between these dates, it is doubtful if the population figures shown approximate very nearly the actual conditions. Moreover, such a comparison as this, by failing to take into consideration such factors as age and sex, which may exert a marked influence on the propor- tion of the prison class of certain groups of immigrants, is too subject to error to be of great value. Indeed, it might be harmful, by giving testimony which is a perversion of the truth. Since little of value can come of such a comparison in ,a study of immigrant criminality, and much of error might result, the safer course is to make no use of the figures. Those showing country of birth and offense in such a way that the relative frequency of the several forbidden acts is made evident are far more trustworthy and significant bases of compari- son and can best be employed unmodified and unconfused by incom- plete comparisons of prisoners with population. AGE. In the table next submitted the ages of prisoners, classified as major and minor offenders, are shown by color, race, nativity, and parentage : Immigration and Crime. 233 if I* s.f g V ?> H, S>~ «« 0 § ^S555SSS3^" 1 11" 2 o coTr.cot-iocooooooi.0 "cl o oocoio-^coi-iooooc^ g 0 eoo^^ooooooooioo* 1 H 8 ^^^^^ rt |d 0 e ' OO CO IO CO CM O OO OJ •* fS 1 All known ages jjjjjjjjjj! 5ooooo||o|| o I ° o jo oo r-j o CD cd »o -»< ' o ceo^cDr-KN^^oo^ o l-HrHM"*U5O>OCON o t- it •> c > Immigration and Crime. 237 of age, while of the native-born of foreign parentage the proportion was 61.4 per cent. Of minor offenders 41 per cent of the native-born were below 30 years of age and 24.2 per cent of the foreign-born. Indeed, the foreign-born minor offenders were relatively fewer at each age period below 35 years than the native-born and relatively more numerous at each age period from 35 years onward. Among the American- born minor offenders of native parentage, the ages 10 to 29 and 60 and over were more common than they were among the American- born of foreign parentage, while all other ages were less common. Prisoners under 30 years of age composed 44.2 per cent of all minor offenders of native parentage and 32.7 per cent of all minor offenders who were American-born children of immigrants. The age period between 20 and 24 years was the one at which the largest percentage of both native and foreign major offenders was committed. The same period was the one at which the largest per- centage of the native minor offenders was committed, but that from 35 to 39 years was the one at which more immigrant minor offenders were committed than at any other. The periods of greatest fre- quency among the native-born of native and of foreign parentage were: Major offenders — native parentage, 20 to 24; foreign parent- age, 20 to 24; minor offenders — native parentage, 20 to 24; foreign parentage, 35 to 39. Thus 20 to 24 was the age of greatest frequency for the native and foreign born and the native-born of native and foreign parentage with regard to major offenders and for the native- born as a whole and the native-born of native parentage with regard to minor offenders. For the native-born of foreign parentage and the foreign-born the age of greatest frequency of minor offenders was from 35 to 39 years. AGE AND SEX. By separating the male and female prisoners additional data are obtained regarding age distribution. 238 The Immigration Commission, 9 e CO Female. o 8 WOT o 8 CO 05 W 0 «C •* rH «0 1 1 § '3 0 8 ^Srtsi— *-" • 0 8 5323335= 1 1 • a 1 Female. 0 8 "SSSsdSSSS 0 OJ >C I- CO 00 l- -It- 00 10 CO | *g» i i P 5 H s> 3 i I MiDid 8 '**d*siS § 60 1 1 0 g "53SS533 5 ! g i ^ ^'> — >^^^ V- ~_/ ""S i a .2 0 i ^_^t^ »o 06 co oi to •* co 0 ' to ci co >o 10 ^ 1 *§ . » 1 .s tc 1 d Female. o 8 ' oJ ^5 os oi ^ r-^ 10 •* r4 0 ""StiSSSS 11 . o 1 « j 0 8' * 1< O3 OJ !N OO "3 -^ •* i-5 0 8' ' Oi OO CO CO : K o 1 I a i m to o " 1.1 « g -S o .2 o H 1 0 "^" MINOR 0 8 CO CO CO CO CO - ' -^ O (N 00 ^ 1 1 3 o NOOrHOOJ«(N«^COW 0 W NODUS'*!*. 00 vT 13 1 8 SS2S- § ' tC ^ ^ co co JH od i 1 0 ' to c5 06 fri 06 »c eo C4 0 8 if 50 t^ 0 OS 0 CO 10 •«d«5«5^^^»C 1 t 1 rt | * 1 0 8 ' CO OO OJ i-i 06 >O CO CO r4 * o 8 •* «o t ' t-^ OC CO CO •* O CO CO ^H * ci 06 CO •* Ol O t- 00 c4 ' - -r r - — — - X ? i -C • - I - i II I 240 The Immigration Commission. In the main, the figures show the same conditions as were revealed by those treating of the sexes combined. The native-born, both male and female, were committed to penal institutions at earlier ages than the foreign-born. Of each age period shown below 35 years the native prisoners had a larger percentage than the foreign. Not only was this the case in regard to male offenders, but in regard to female offenders as well, the dividing line between immigrants and natives falling in each instance at the same point — after the age of 34 years. That curious tendency of the American-born children of immigrants (regardless of sex) to a likeness to immigrants themselves which was shown by Table 130 is evident in Table 131 with regard to both the males and females. Just as persons of the younger ages were less conspicuous among immigrant than among native prisoners, so are they found in relatively smaller numbers among the children of im- migrants than among the children of natives. Prisoners of each age period below 30 years formed a smaller part of the total number of male prisoners of native parentage than of male prisoners of foreign parentage, while among the female prisoners the larger percentages occurred among those of native parentage up to 35 years. A combination of a number of age periods is of interest. Thus, below is shown for both sexes the per cent distribution of prisoners of the several known nativities and parentages under 20 years of age, under 30, under 50, and under 60, forming a cumulative statement of the ages of the prisoners committed during 1904: Age. Males. Females. Native-born. For- eign- born. Native-born. For- eign- born. Native parent- age. Foreign rarent- age. Total. Native parent- age. Foreign parent- age. Total. All ages 100.0 100.0 100.0 10.1 45.1 88.8 96.9 100.0 5.1 28.6 76.8 90.9 100.0 sTT 46.4 91.3 97.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 Under 20 years 10.6 48.0 89.1 96.7 8.3 36.8 87.4 97.1 4.9 32.6 91.6 97.6 7.5 42.5 91.6 97.8 2.2 21.0 77.7 90.1 Under 30 years Under 50 years Under 60 years A comparison of male with female prisoners is likewise of interest. In the aggregate native white group the males exceeded the females in percentage of prisoners up to the age of 24. From 25 to 44 the females exceeded, when the greater percentage again shifted to the males. Of the foreign-born, the males predominated ur> to the age of 29. From 30 to 49 the females were in excess; from 50 to 59 the males; and from 60 onward, the females. Among the native-born of native parentage the males were in larger proportion up to the age of 24; from 25 to 39 the females; and from 40 onward, the males. Among the native-born of foreign parentage the males had the larger percentage up to 24 years; from 25 to 44 the females; from 45 to 69 the males; and from 70 onward, the females. A comparison of male and female major and minor offenders adds little of value to what has already been said. Immigration and Crime. 241 In viewing these age statistics it should be borne in mind that the immigrant prisoners can not be properly compared with the native, because of the larger proportion of adults in the general immigrant population than in the general native population. The distribution of the earlier ages is therefore greater in the native population than in the immigrant, and the ages of the general population must some- what determine the ages of persons committed to penal institutions. Thus the apparent indication of the figures shown in the census report on prisoners that the native-born tend to commit crime at an earlier a ire than the foreign-born is largely (if not wholly) due to the more advanced age of the foreign-born in this country. It would be unwise to assert that the immigrant criminals commit offenses at more advanced ages than the native, for no comparison has been made on the basis of age groups in the population. CITIZENSHIP. Accurate statistics of citizenship might perhaps bring out some relation of naturalization to criminality among immigrants. The census figures, however, are too incomplete (and too questionable in character ° ) to afford evidence that is entirely satisfactory. The probability exists that some of the answers were untrue, while the presence of a large number of cases in which no reply was obtained regarding citizenship seriously affects the value or those in which replies were returned. In the United States at large the political status of 17.6 per cent of the male immigrant prisoners was not stated. In the several geographical divisions the percentage of such cases varied from 12.8 per cent in the North Atlantic to 39.9 per cent (or more than a third) in the South Atlantic. Thus in each of the groups of States the political status of at least one-eighth of all male prisoners of foreign birth was unknown, while in four of the five divisions such ignorance applied to over one-fifth, and in one it reached more than one- third. The census figures therefore can not be relied upon as giving complete testimony regarding the citizenship of immigrant prisoners. ° " The facts are usually not a matter of prison record, but must be obtained from the prisoners themselves, who sometimes imagine it advantageous to claim a citizen- ship they have not attained." — Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutioiia: 1904, p. 47. 242 The Immigration Commission. g i f N il * ' Alien Natu First pa Not stat o 0 I *&* 0 o-^o 0 I 2"5S o I iiSS o 10 o co oo o 1 1C OOCOr-l 0 I "~r: 00 CO 0 I COt^OO cooodco 0 i^S £ ££££ o W* o I X N T»< o CO I-H o I O2 re Tt< >O CO 3™8 0 I O •«*•-*• CO 0 I •"*• COIM T-H 0 I 10 1>» o oo o 1 IMr-HOOCR 0 8 ii-5 Total Alien Naturalized First papers filed Not stated 0 1 CO CO rH CM o 8 00 10 CO •* C^ t^ IO ^ o I M •^1 CO 0 I »O IO t-CO 0 I 1IS5 0 I 1-1 Tt< ICO 0 I CM oo r^oo 0 I lOCN t^CO Total Alien Naturalized First papers filed Not stated Immigration and Crime. 243 Naturalized prisoners (according to Table 132) outnumbered alien prisoners in the United States as a whole and in the North Atlantic, North Central, and Western divisions. In the two Southern divi- sions the aliens were more numerous than the naturalized immi- grant prisoners, but in these two divisions the number of foreign- born male prisoners was so small as to be insignificant in comparison \\ith the number in the other three divisions of the country. In the whole continental United States 31,196 male prisoners of foreign birth were committed during 1904. Only 664 of these, or 2.1 per cent, were committed in the Southern States. It is also worthy of note that in the South Atlantic division nearly two-fifths (39.9 per cent) of the foreign-born male prisoners failed to report as to citizenship, while in the South Central nearly one-third (31.1 per cent) failed to report. The largest percentage of naturalized prisoners was found in the North Central States, 45.4 per cent. In this division the percentage of aliens was smaller than in any other division, being only 18.7 per cent; but as the political status of 30 per cent of all the foreign-born male prisoners was unknown the actual proportion of aliens might well have been much greater. In the North Atlantic States it was 41.5 per cent, while the proportion of naturalized prisoners was 44 g^r cent, or only 1.4 per cent less than in the North Central division, ut in the North Atlantic division the political status was unknown in only 12.8 per cent of the cases, as compared with 30 per cent in the North Central. Not only was the largest percentage of naturalized persons found among the foreign-born male prisoners of the North Central States, but also the largest percentage of those who had filed first papers. In these States 6 per cent of ah1 the male immigrant prisoners had filed their first papers, while in no other division did the reports show a larger percentage than 3.4 per cent (as in the Western divi- sion). First papers were least common among prisoners in the North Atlantic States, only 1.7 per cent being reported as having filed them. The separation of major and minor offenders makes an interesting comparison possible. Aliens considerably outnumbered naturalized persons among the major offenders in the United States, considered as a whole, and in each of the geographical divisions except the North Central. In the country at large aliens composed over half (52 per cent) of the entire number of male immigrant major offenders. In the North Atlantic, South Central, and Western divisions the pro- portion was greater than this, and even in the North Central States, where it was least, it was 30.9 per cent. When these figures are compared with those of minor offenders they become more striking. While ah* ens predominated among the major offenders, naturalized persons were more in evidence among the minor offenders. In the country as a whole and in each division except the South Central the naturalized minor offenders outnumbered the alien. But more striking than this is the fact that in each division, without excep- tion, the percentage, of major offenders who were aliens exceeded the percentage of minor offenders who were aliens, while the per- centage of naturalized persons among the major offenders was less than among the minor offenders. The figures thus point without 244 The Immigration Commission. contradiction to the greater tendency of aliens to commit the major crimes and of the criminality of the naturalized immigrant to con- sist more largely of minor offenses. As is noted in the census report, "the fact that aliens predominate among major offenders and not among the minor is in accord with the fact * * * that foreign-born prisoners who had resided in the country for five years or less formed 27 per cent of the major offenders and only 13.4 per cent of the minor offenders." a The presence of prisoners under 21 years of age among the foreign- born males might well suggest the value of not only surveying the statistics of immigrant male prisoners of all ages, but more especially those 21 or more years of age. The presence of a large number under 21 years might considerably reduce the possible percentage of naturalized persons. But on examination of the general table upon which the above percentages are based it is found that only 2,158, or 6.9 per cent, of the 31,196 male immigrant prisoners were under 21 years of age. An examination of the percentages for prisoners 21 years old or over also reveals little deviation in essen- tials from the proportions shown for all prisoners considered without regard to age. No separate discussion of those prisoners who had reached their majority is therefore necessary. Figures coupling political condition with years of residence in the United States would be of greater value than those of citizenship and age only, for from the preceding table it is impossible to determine what proportion of the aliens were such from force of circumstances—- that is, brevity of residence in this country — or in how far the nat- uralized had been limited by lack of sufficient years in the United States. Such coupling of periods of residence with political condi- tion is not, however, afforded by any census tables, and the figures shown above must suffice. LITERACY. Literacy statistics are frequently misleading. A person barely able to read and write is classed as literate, no matter how great his ignorance beyond this mere power to make and decipher letters may be. All grades of education and ability are thus grouped together. Persons highly illiterate (in the broad sense) may be included among the literates. The chief value of such statistics lies in their disclosure of those who could neither read or write — who were wholly illiterate. Such use of the table following is the only one that can profitably be made here. a Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1904, p. 48. Immigration and Crime. 245 J o5 U PH Ij ^f H 1 8 : : : : : 1 ':!!:: 1 || £ e£ £ £ ££ £ i i I i i § I 0 8 CC COCO OO O 33=55 i SSsa- I 0 8 co t~- e-i «o o o 00 ^^ ^ V-"^X>^"*^V^ N^ •^x -^ "3 A 0 I fid £S ^^ 8 S8^ 8 KS-S 8 f^S^S" prisoners < l§g £11 0 8 000500-HW 0 g^ '^.0 | OiCO«0«COO goo '^^ ^ ^ «* ribution of 1 il« SI a al* 0 I co t--o t- o g^^rf 1 ^.«oo »O ^ i-H CO ^.^ 01 ^s ££ £ ;r cent dist 1 Native. III 0 OJ * feft 0 I uscot^oc- o 5«e5* g t^^-lOiOC^ • s-^ '^ ' g -o .0 .0 .0 OH Hi ^•.ft o I O 00 OJ ^-! OC r-< O 1— i— * i—* OJOJ^f U5C« IScJ^S^' ! i ja : i a!! iyi :^^ : i|o ; : &§ : : §•«_; :|§ £ : °£« ;S81 1 1 Both sexes: All classes Literate Illiterate Can read but n< Can neither rea Literacy not stated Males- All classes Literate Illiterate Can read bt Can neither Literacy not sta Females- All classes Literate Illiterate Can read bb Can neither Literacy not sta .1 246 The Immigration Commission. 3 1 o 1 r-l CO r-l t>- r-l O O S^i r-I rH t>I O ^i»0 10 0 lOr-H Z C0»0 >0 ^ ^ SS ^^ "O §1 •1 o O r-l rH CO O S£ Si"3 8 O co eo^- oot^ t^-* ^ r-l- t^. ^ "? /av'5s 1 1 0 1 »o o co t-io o gg^S06 8 o S^S06 0 COCOCOO'H 0 OSCClM MO fji-4 ' ' co CO 0 g ss ss committee A jra fcS g* 0 8 «DIO• rH t—t O Tf O500O t- s?H£i ' £ 1 u •£cio' 8 111 1 SN' '^S 8 COC4 'rH -^ O t- iOO 0 gco -c4 • g o r-i r~ *& a> o joco -ci • | i-lO«CIM(M . O IO CO ' CO O O5 O o> »*< 10 oo t-- o gcc •« • g 'tl CO Oi -^ CO g- '* ' P4 .£"2 a5 it1 0 I 0>00!DC^CO 0 CO CO ' CO C-J O O5 OOtOlM CO O CO CO " CO M O i-i r~ oo o O5 CD (N COCX31O "5 (N iO ' T(5 C< OS 1 o 8 CO• O S5^ '^^ 8 CO IO CO COIN Tfi CO rH (N M ^j t>0 0 I OO1OO O O SS^S"5 8 •* •* O) iO C<1 O SS '»« 8 IOIM iQt^CO OCOrH^CO ii^i i i !jl .•d • : ts ; ; ;«s Sex and literacy. Both sexes: All classes Literate Illiterate Can read but not write Can neither read nor w Literacy not stated Males- All classes Literate Illiterate Can read but not v Can neither read n Literacy not stated . . . Females- All classes Literate Illiterate Can read but not v Can neither read n Literacy not stated . . . Immigration and Crime. 247 o I •«»• 00 -H t- r- 0 SS-S"* 8 e>> » N t- os %Z~%^ „ o "o^o* 'e^'?' 0 ^^t ,--l O £S~S 0 CC •* 10 O3W O 1C «O «5 O O O CD o; TT -^ »o 8 S« '~§3 8 JJC, rH «0 ' o 8 c^i OOOQ.-I o o S?^ '^« 8 IMOOOO^HO O S^ '^'N' 8 OJCOO-fi-l guj^^c," 0 8 oiTfr-t^t^ o 3* '««* 8 oeo t^«O t- O CO -* ' CO o> o «eooo>c^i o ec locoes 1-1 8 £5°° ^w 8 So00 ^* 8 S2-2- 0 8 SSS^^" 8 S8S^^^ 8 O CO T-HOCO : : -s : . . .-c . : :^^ : : 15^ . . :•£ . :s> : ilS : iPg ; :^§ Both sexes: All classes Literate Illiterate Can read but not wri Can neither read nor Literacy not stated Males- All classes Literate. . . Illiterate Can read but not Can neither read Literacy not stated. Females — All classes Literate... Uliterate Can read but not Can neither read Literacy not stated. 248 The Immigration Commission. For comparing the various aspects of a single group of persons (as, for example, juvenile delinquents born of American fathers) all cases should of course be included in the sum upon which percentages are based, even the number of cases in which no answer was obtained to the inquiry. But when several distinct groups are to be compared, only such data as are known and are comparable in the several groups should be included in the bases upon which percentages are computed. Thus, cases the character of which is not specified should be eliminated, as they may in fact consist of at least two distinct and specifiable kinds of data, and in so far as these proportions vary for the several groups of persons will the percentages of specified data be invalidated as means of comparison. The census table presented errs in this manner, in that cases in which literacy was not stated are added, in computing the per- centages, to those in which specification was made. Now the pro- portion of cases of " literacy not stated" varies greatly in the several nativity and parentage groups. Obviously, any wide variations in an unknown quantity (for " literacy not stated" might be in fact •either " literate" or " illiterate") renders any comparison based on the percentages given so much subject to error as to necessitate the constant bearing in mind of this factor. A wide difference is found in the figures between the illiteracy of native prisoners and prisoners born abroad. Of the native pris- oners, 3.7 per cent were unable either to read or to write; of the immi- grant prisoners 19 per cent were unable either to read or to write. Such a difference is striking and too great to be wholly erroneous. With regard to the native prisoners of native and of foreign parentage the fact appears that the former were slightly more illiterate than the latter. That is, the American-born children of immigrants who were committed to penal institutions in 1904 had relatively fewer persons among them unable to read and write than had the children of natives.0 Another interesting condition is shown by the figures separating prisoners into major and minor offenders. In the case of natives (of both native and foreign parentage) and of immigrants, the true illiterates (those who could neither read nor write) occurred in larger proportion among the major offenders than among the minor offenders. Illiteracy was in general more common among the female prisoners than among the male. The only exception occurred among the foreign-born major offenders. A larger percentage of female than of male native major and minor offenders of both native and foreign parentage were unable to read or write. Of the foreign-born prisoners those who could neither read nor write were more common among the female minor offenders than among the male, but slightly less com- mon among the female major offenders. • o A possible explanation of this (inasmuch as the difference is not great) lies in the greater concentration of the immigrant population in the cities, where educa- tional advantages were greater than in the rural districts. Immigration and Crime. 249 3. JUVENILJB DELINQUENTS ENUMERATED JUNE 30, 1904. In four of the tables showing the statistics of juvenile delinquents enumerated June 30, 1904, data touching upon immigrant delin- quency appear. NATIVITY, COLOR, AND SEX. In Table 134 the numerical and per cent distribution is shown by nativity and color for each sex in the several geographical divisions of the continental United States. 79340°— VOL 36—11 17 250 The Immigration Commission. i I i fl£ r I -es ot^- •* CM CO o 05 t^. r^ uo o* oo CM es« 1-1 00 I t-. -5 01 O3t^ CO 0^5 00 ^HCM^H 06 I t^ 88 0300 CO S5 ' 3 CO j I »o w t^OO 1C 3- c^ 1C £ \ I "5 L oieo »o S1"1 co «c ; S : I oo ss CNI CO CM 3S" a CM s £ I 1 "* r •*r-l 1C S^S s co eo I r •*t^ o SS^S J3 t^ CM CO I IO5 < c<« o oo c^-5 S§ 00 '• 8 : o 8 O i ^HOO 0 s ' £ 0 0 £ - o 8 0 s ^-IOJ 0 s ' % t-H O % ' 0 8 t>. a 05«3CO CO S3 ' S eo o I 0 8 oo s CMCD CM ssS ^ t^ o 8 s FHOrH 01 ss ' ^ 00 TH t^ I 1 ICTtl^H 0 gcd ' ^ 0 3 £ I I t^O t^ {i^g S T»< CO s£ ' I i rH i-H t- QO CO ^ CO »C CM 2£ ' • • a i i • • 0 ; ; Grand total White fl il its , S£S 1 § Negro Mongolian... Indian Immigration and Crime. 251 Out of a total of 23,034 juvenile delkjuents enumerated, 17,989, or 78.1 per cent, were whites of native birth, while 1,874, or 8.1 per cent, were wlu'tes born abroad. The remaining 3,171, comprising 13.8 per cent of the total number, were either colored (negro, Mon- golian, or Indian) or whites of unknown nativity. When the sexes are considered separately it is found that a slightly larger percentage of the male delinquents were whites of foreign birth than of the two sexes in the aggregate. The former proportion was 8.6 per cent and the latter, as stated above, 8.1 per cent. Conversely, the propor- tion of foreign-born whites was less in the group of female delin- quents than in the aggregate of the two sexes. White immigrants composed 6.4 per cent of all female delinquents and 8.1 per cent of the total number of delinquents of both sexes. Of the 3,162 colored delinquents, 3,112 were negroes, 2 were Mon- golia^, and 48 were Indians. The first comprised 13.5 per cent of the total number of delinquents, or a much larger proportion than the foreign-born whites (8.1 per cent). In the group of males the negroes composed 13.4 per cent and in the group of females 14 per cent, thus following the rule of the native whites in the distri- bution of sexes. The opposite was true of the foreign-born and sug- gests the probable presence of a considerably larger proportion of males than of females in the juvenile general population of foreign birth. By far the largest part of the immigrant juvenile delinquents (those of foreign birth) were found in the North Atlantic States. Of the total 1,874 such delinquents in the United States, 1,410 were enumerated in institutions situated in this geographical division. It is true also that a larger number of native-born juvenile delinquents were found in this group of States than hi any other, but the rela- tively large proportion of the delinquents in these States who were of foreign birth is specially noticeable, being 13 per cent, as com- pared with 4.7 per cent in the North Central division, 4.7 per cent in the Western, 1.6 per cent in the South Central, and 0.9 per cent in the South Atlantic. IMMIGRANT AND NATIVE WHITES. In Table 135 is shown for each State and geographical division the percentage of white juvenile delinquents who were of native and of foreign birth. 252 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 135. — Per cent distribution of white juvenile delinquents of known nativity enumerated June 30, 1904, by nativity and by States and Territories. State or Territory. White juvenile delinquents o f known nativity enumerated June 30, 1904. Per cent native. Per cent foreign- born. Continental United States 90.6 9.4 North Atlantic division 85.9 14.1 Maine 93.3 6/7 New Hampshire 91.2 8.8 Vermont 94.9 5.1 Massachusetts 88. 4 11.6 Rhode Island 84.4 15.6 Connecticut 80. 5 19. 5 New York 84. 6 15 . 4 New Jersey 87. 0 13.0 Pennsylvania 88. 9 11.1 South Atlantic division 98.6 1.4 Delaware (o) Maryland 97. 8 2. 2 District of Columbia 100.0 Virginia 100.0 West Virginia 98. 9 1.1 Georgia (a) Florida (o) North Central division 94. 6 5.4 Ohio 95.5 4.5 Indiana 98. 4 1.6 Illinois 90.3 9.7 Michigan 90.4 9.6 Wisconsin 89.8 10.2 Minnesota 98. 8 1.2 Iowa 99. 2 .8 Missouri 98.4 1.6 North Dakota (o) (o) South Dakota (o) Nebraska 94.9 5.1 Kansas 98.9 1.1 South Central division 97.6 2.4 Kentucky 100. 0 Tennessee 96.8 3.2 Alabama (a) Louisiana (<») Western division 94. 8 5.2 Montana (o) Colorado 98. 4 1. Arizona (<*) Utah (a) Washington 92. 8 7. 2 Oregon (o) (a) California... 95.4 4.6 a Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. In the United States 19,863 white juvenile delinquents of known nativity were enumerated. Of this number, 17,989, or 90.6 per cent, were of native birth and 1,874, or 9.4 per cent, were immigrants. In the North Atlantic division a larger proportion of immigrants was found than in any other group of States, being 14.1 per cent as com- pared with 5.4 per cent in the North Central, 5.2 per cent in the Western, 2.4 per cent in the South Central, and only 1.4 per cent in Immigration and Crime. 253 the South Atlantic. In six of the nine North Atlantic States over 10 per cent of all white juvenile delinquents were born abroad, the pro- portions in these six States ranging from 11.1 per cent in Pennsylvania to 19.5 per cent in Connecticut. It is further noteworthy that these six States form a connected geographical group. They are Massa- chusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, or those States of the North Atlantic division having large proportions of immigrants in their population. Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, which of the North Atlantic States had the smallest proportion of persons of foreign birth in their population, likewise had smaller proportions of immigrants among their white juvenile delinquents than any other States of the same geographical division. Outside of the North Atlantic division but one State had more than 10 per cent of its white juvenile delinquents of foreign birth. This was Wisconsin, which had 10.2 per cent. Furthermore, there were only five States outside of the North Atlantic division having over 5 per cent of their white juvenile delinquents of foreign birth. Four of these were in the North Central division: Wisconsin, 10.2 per cent; Illinois, 9.7 per cent; Michigan, 9.6 per cent; and Nebraska, 5.1 per cent. The fifth State was Washington, with 7.2 per cent. The fact that only these five States outside the North Atlantic division had more than 1 in every 20 white juvenile delinquents belonging to the immigrant class is the more striking when it is observed that every one of the North Atlantic States had more than 1 in every 20, while six of them had more than 1 in every 10. RATIO TO POPULATION. In Table 136 is shown for each State and geographical division the number of juvenile delinquents in 1904, classified by sex, color, and nativity, for each 100,000 of population in 1900. The table also shows similar data for 1890, when both juvenile delinquents and gen- eral population were enumerated in the same year. The change in the number and geographical distribution of insti- tutions during the fourteen years between the two enumerations of juvenile delinquents makes any comparison of the figures for the two enumerations untrustworthy, while the fact that the ratios in the one case are based upon the population of the same year and in the other upon that of four years earlier increases the difficulty of accurately interpreting the figures. 254 The Immigration Commission. .'- l i-lt~»0 t~ it<' CD 00 >-H CO i« CO OJ ^< 00 O O rH IO t-. •* to ^ o oi «o as 06 i^ oo !N 01 CO t~ t> >0 CO * ,-( 5 O M •* t-( CO -^ CO OO -H t^ O CO i-l "5 CO (M t^ >0 00 ^ •* 0 ** l-l 0* rH 00 oi T(? o o co o OOCOh-CO ^ 0 OS 0 00 >0 00 00 co oo oo w r^ t-~ oo «o o ooeoo o> 5 •1 -r CO ci D 2 IN •* oo o oo eo co — . - ^1 1 « CS t- — i- u: »o » JJCOIN eo t^. -^r o "5 o oo M >00> CO oJcjccco co to t^ co os oo co o • co oo 1 gj ^ coco •* ocoo cooo 'to ioSr>: «5 0050IN 05 0 "3 Cl O5 OCOCO CO 1-HC005 1 1 0 CO 8 §S **£ «" - r-lCOOJ CO a , CD 1 fee "-'-'^^ ^ ^ ^ 'o g 1 1 i S •Vr-ICOOO O5 »C CM O5 05 CO 1 I 0 II -1 S' <» CO 553: 3^ 2 05 CO 1 ivision. *j §2 Tt«OO^HCO 00 O •*co lo 05 lile delta i 1 OJ •a O iQ CO O5 Tf< 00 4 -o >o ivision. *i O CO 8 § r-i 1 CC O ^H O5 COi-!C5 •««< 05 tlantic d i ° 1° 0 •* S 05 1— ( II OlMOO-f COO«5 »O uj o 3 1 il! -532 Sr 5 o CO •8 ii o *c TPOOCOCO coooeo »o id | 6 ^s ^ fl 1 o o IF co^cooi coo • eo t^- CO C$ ^H rH t~ CN a 5 1 o t^ 2s:s — g s£ Color, race, and nativity. Grand total White Native Native parentage. Foreign parentage. Mixed parentage.. Parentage un- known Foreign-born Nativity unknown Colored Negro Mongo-lian Indian Immigration and Crime. 261 The largest number of juvenile delinquents was committed in the North Atlantic States. Of the 11,814 persons committed in all parts of the United States, 5,522 were committed in the North Atlantic division. The North Central States had the next largest number — 4,056 — while the South Central had the smallest — 548. Not only did the greatest number of commitments take place hi the North Atlantic division, but among the persons committed in that division was a larger number who were immigrants and the American-born children of immigrants than among those committed in any other division. Indeed, the presence of the immigrant and his children was most marked hi this group of States. Of the 2,947 juvenile delinquents born in the United States of immigrant parents who were committed to institutions in all parts of the country, 1,909, or more than two-thirds, were committed in the North Atlantic States, and of the 1,116 juvenile delinquents of foreign birth who were committed throughout the United States, 841, or 73.5 per cent, were committed in the same geographical division. Of persons of native birth and parentage, the largest number was committed in the North Central States, as was also the largest number of negro delinquents. Considering each geographical division as a unit, the largest pro- portion of white juvenile delinquents who were of native birth was in the Western division, being 86.7 per cent. Persons born in the United States of native parents, however, occurred in largest propor- tion among the juvenile delinquents committed in the South Central States; in those States 54.6 per cent of all juvenile delinquents com- mitted belonged to this class, as compared with 49.1 per cent in the Western States, which ranked second. The American-born children of immigrants were found in greatest proportion among the delin- quents of the North Atlantic States, 34.6 per cent of all juvenile delinquents committed in those States having been born in the United States of immigrant parents. In the same group of States was found the largest proportion of immigrants themselves. More than 1 in every 7 (15.2 per cent) of the juvenile delinquents com- mitted in the North Atlantic division were of foreign birth. In no other group of States was the proportion greater than 1 in every 18 (being 5.5 per cent in the Western States). In the census of juvenile delinquents committed during 1904 the figures showing sex was so largely determined by the character of the various institutions and by the manner of dealing with the sexes in the several States that any discussion of them would be likely to be misleading. The sex element may therefore be disregarded, except when some clearly defined difference between the statistics of the sexes appears. IMMIGRANT AND NATIVE WHITES. A better means of comparing immigrants and natives than that afforded by the preceding table is given in Table 140, which shows for each State the per cent distribution by nativity of white juvenile delinquents of known nativity committed during the year 1904. By excluding from this computation colored persons and persons of unknown nativity, the native and immigrant whites are thrown into clearer contrast and the influence of extraneous elements upon the figures is avoided. 262 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 140. — Per cent distribution of white juvenile delinquents of known nativity com- mitted during 1904, by nativity and by States and Territories. State or Territory. White juvenile de- linquents of known nativity committed dur- ing 1904. Per cent native. Per cent foreign. Continental United States 89. 0 11.0 North Atlantic division 83?? ia3 Maine (a) (a) New Hampshire (a) (a) Vermont (a) (a) Massachusetts 87. 9 12. 1 Rhode Island 78. 6 21.4 Connecticut 83.7 16.3 New York 80. 9 19. 1 New Jersey 91.3 8.7 Pennsylvania 90. 4 9. 6 South Atlantic division 96. 3 3. 7 Delaware (a) (a) Maryland 94.5 5.5 District of Columbia (o) (a) Virginia (o) (o) West Virginia 98.3 k 1.7 Georgia (o) (o) Florida '. .... '(a) .......... North Central division 93. 9 6. 1 Ohio 95.6 4.4 Indiana 98. 8 1.2 Illinois 90.7 9.3 Michigan 92.4 7.6 Wisconsin 86.4 13.6 Minnesota 91.5 8.5 Iowa.... 98.0 2.0 Missouri 96.6 3.4 North Dakota (o) (o) South Dakota !. (a) .......... Nebraska (a) (o) Kansas 98.7 1.3 South Central division 98. 1 1. 9 Kentucky , 98. 9 | 1.1 Tennessee (a Alabama (a Louisiana (o (o) Western division.. 94. 0 6. 0 Montana (a) (o) Colorado 97.6 2.4 Arizona (a) (o) Utah (o) W ashington (o) (a) Oregon (a) California 92. 9 7. 1 Per cent not st o ?n where base is less than 100. Immigrant delinquents were most prominent in the North Atlantic States; 16.3 per cent of all white juvenile delinquents of known nativity who were committed during the year in these States were born abroad. In no other geographical division was the proportion greater than 6.1 per cent, as in the North Central States, while it was as small as 1.9 per cent in the South Central division. Of individual States, Rhode Island had the largest percentage of immigrants among its white juvenile delinquents of known nativity. In that State one Immigration and Crime. 263 out of every five — 21.4 per cent — of the white delinquents was an immigrant. New York was second in rank, having 19.1 per cent. In several States the proportion of immigrants was but little more than 1 in every 100 white delinquents. In Kentucky it was 1.1 per cent, in Indiana 1.2 per cent, and in Kansas 1.3 per cent. Such comparisons as the above, however, are valuable only as showing the relative presence of immigrant and native juvenile de- linquents in the several sections of the country. It does not afford any means of accurately judging whether immigrants or natives con- tributed the more largely in relation to their representation in the population to the ranks of juvenile delinquency. As is noted in the Census Report, the significance of the figures shown above — can perhaps be best brought out by comparing them with the corresponding fig the general white population 10 to 19 years of age, as is done for geographic di in the following tabular statement: o ures for i visions Division. White juvenile delinquents of known nativity committed during 1904. General white population 10 to 19 years of age: 1900. Total. Foreign-born. Total. Foreign-bora. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Continental United States 10, 177 1,116 11.0 13,502,427 873,311 6.5 North Atlantic 5,157 641 3,422 369 588 841 24 209 7 35 16.3 3.7 6.1 1.9 6.0 3,730.272 1,483,339 5,320,817 2,261,131 706,868 476,635 16, 137 304,768 30,678 45,093 12.8 1.1 5.7 1.4 6.4 South Atlantic North Central South Central Western The figures for continental United States are less favorable to the foreign-born than those for any of the geographic divisions. This peculiarity is due to the fact that the North Atlantic division, in which the percentage of foreign-born is high, contributed 50.7 per cent of the white juvenile delinquents and only 27.6 per cent of the popula- tion 10 to 19 years of age. The figures for continental United States, therefore, should not be used as a measure of the relative criminality of the native and the foreign born.& Such figures give the immigrant portion of the white juvenile delin- quents of known nativity committed throughout the country in 1904 as 11 per cent. Yet in 1900 the immigrant portion of the general white population 10 to 19 years of age was only 6.5 per cent. A partial explanation of this difference is that given above, which shows the influence of the North Atlantic States upon the figures for the country at large. Additional explanation lies in the fact that immi- gration from 1900 to 1904 doubtless somewhat increased the immi- grant representation in the general white population of 10 to 19 years of age. It is doubtful, however, if these explanations adequately account for the wide difference between immigrant juvenile delin- quency and immigrant juvenile population. The figures for the juvenile delinquents in the separate geographic divisions are too small to be of much significance except in the North Atlantic and North Central a Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1904, p. 238. The age group 10 to 19 was selected "because 94.4 per cent of the juvenile delinquents of known age committed during 1904 were within those ages." & Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1904, p. 238. 264 The Immigration Commission. States. In the North Atlantic States the foreign-born form 16.3 per cent of the white juvenile delinquents and 12.8 per cent of the white population 10 to 19 years of age, and in the North Central States the corresponding percentages are 6.1 of the delin- quents and 5.7 of the general population. From these figures it may be inferred that the foreign-born are contributing to the juvenile delinquents slightly in excess of their representation in the general population. It should be remembered, however, that the immigration between 1900 and 1904 may have increased the proportion of foreign- born in the general white population 10 to 19 years of age, especially in the North Atlantic division. <* PARENTAGE. In the Census Report are discussed the figures showing country of birth of foreign-born juvenile delinquents, but the very unequal immi- gration from the several countries during recent years makes the figures doubtful tools of comparison. Figures of greater importance are those which show the distribution by nativity of father of those juvenile delinquents having foreign-born fathers. "Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1904, p. 238. Immigration and Crime. 265 -u ' 0 COrHOSt^O -«.OJ ^HOJOIM a .2 .2 > S NJ (2s 8 _ . Western Number. 8 «ss*s -&a« -a-s « ii= 1 6 J*" d o ^is.2 4J.W-M fig W .2 c 1 § £.> 3^3 o OQ Number. 3 •* M I-H t» »c •* oo cct^> | "a i 0 OIOONI-- ooosi^co oot-oc- COOOIMCD CO i-l 1 1 .c'? 1=3 Number. i *»„! M» ,S« mitted dui o id 31 IP 0 S OO CO«C«5 00 CO CO O OO O CO uents com || 1 S - S«8 83- 3- nile delinq _0 C3 . C3 C S 0 Per cent distribu- tion. 0 8 ~ i i -1 •* ^ rvj ^4^c4co i»<^-5i-!-* 1 i-^ fll r Number. eo~ "S2«S «sl§ fs^s C-3 o oo a> t- •«»< T(< ojic^.^-( ^-looo-* ii |ra III £3 1 i-l O !£ >C ^H Tl C^J %C ^ O ^f 1O * Oi *— 1 O OO *O T-HCOC^ CT c". i ~ — • ~ -^ r i 1 •s Country of birth S : :s : : : : : : i : : i i i? j i : : : : lijij j-:lj| ^ J J'S'l •C-OcscS Sa c ---a 08 ^ iifii IPI mi S 79340°— VOL 36—11 18 266 The Immigration Commission. Even here wide differences in representation of the several nativities make comparisons of doubtful value. Conditions, regardless of their cause or meaning, are all that can safely be discussed. The thing most striking in the preceding table is the fact that the fathers of more than half the juvenile delinquents having foreign-born fathers came from three countries — Ireland, Germany, and Italy. The fathers of one-fifth of the entire number of juvenile delinquents who were committed throughout the country in 1904 came from Ireland; those of nearly as large a proportion (19.4 per cent) came from Germany; while practically one-sixth of all the juvenile delinquents having foreign-born fathers were the children of Italian fathers. These three groups formed 56.3 per cent of all the juvenile delinquents in question. In the North Atlantic division of States 24 per cent had fathers born in Ireland and 22.2 per cent had fathers of Italian birth. In each of the other geographical divisions for which percentages are given the largest proportion of foreign-born fathers were from Ger- many, while the second in rank was the group coming from Ireland. OFFENSE AND PARENTAGE. The most important thing to be known regarding juvenile delin- quents, as well as regarding prisoners, is the nature of their delinquent acts. So large a proportion of the juvenile delinquents committed in 1904 were the children of immigrants and so small a proportion were immigrants themselves, a that in classifying the delinquents for comparison on the basis of relative frequency of offenses, the most illuminating classification is that of country of birth of father regard- less of the country of birth of the delinquent himself. The com- parison then becomes one of parentage and not of nativity. In Table 142 the juvenile delinquents committed during 1904 are classified by country of birth of father and their per cent distribution shown by offense. This table makes possible a comparison of the children of native Americans with immigrants and the children of immigrants grouped together by country of origin. a Of white delinquents of known nativity and parentage (including those of mixed parentage) the foreign-born composed 12.1 per cent and the native-born of foreign parentage 31.4 per cent — a total of 43.5 per cent. Immigration and Crime. 267 . o -*> o» c«3 r^ oc» "3 C*_^H »0 OOOSr-l -COCOr-l OS'*'* c itf 5i| I 8 OOTTgjOlC ^ C^l •-s • ' -- • -£ 0 -T t^ »C Oi t^- 1^ O5 -V CC«3^ <0 l^i/3 0"3 t^OS • E--H °i 1 O O^^C,^ CO co t^<>i i-J t-^ "3 0 K cs rr i- - M cc -£ oox r^ C5C^(N W M COOJC4 K 1 y T • ^ -i .-f -H 05 - S3 COCO ' ' ' OW Poland. 0 I g »O CO 00 <» O: . i-i ^^ S5 05 t-l ^( rH oo^-i ^H Ci _>, "3 0 I O 8 Cl T CO ^f O ^H o> ot^ c o4 cc lOlO-H ^ *" & O5Oi-H kQi-l OCO "*li ' ' ^^ 0 ^ 1 s i 1 | 1 & O iC re OC O M ~~ % *-S 00O W* -^ •* CO i-l C* C^rH rH "3^ i-i COCO cj D «< o 8 O5 ..-; oo «i-tt^ COC« CO oocc^cio «N ' »OC«5 o 8 t^U3 O5 Ol O ^gJS ' 8 10 »ra o co Tj5 c-i 1O ^1 bo fi a -a 1 1 o I eot-i os t- uit^o ' »oco o I o « O5 oo o ">£& ' 8 U5 CO IN ^S^ je commit ISg itf s^ ^S^io^ s^ -O O -O »O £££ w a i . •Sf S 0 R r-lOlOeO'-l ^s^^ 0 1 i-H i-H 1C CO ^S^i^ - ™^_ i II PM ™^^^ m J> «a fl 0 t-Oi-* o ooos co o M O5O> a I III * tuofS Pi rt-X I °°§S3 8 2^.2 8 "'^s 3 T) J« o oo ?o oo«-t o •tf us ^ co o oo fo oo QJ "3 s «s*. .££& S£* 1 ^ OO iO i^ U3CO 8 ^SS- 8 °i!8 bution of jt S Ha • 1 la* 0 I •0*000 t-^H ^3?3 ' 0 I ooo^oo o "*%% V | »O (N CO CO t^ (N C-4 •* sent distr: »4 Ili 8 "'S^^V i *Z%~ 8 "^^5 ' 1 I o 8 «> O5 •<}< O t-l ^gg^' ' o I 1C (N oco IT 5 OOJiO-^CS ^^^ • / 1 5 0 8 t-eooo.-i ^S^'-5 ' 0 8 ^00^-1 0 ^SSHV 8 o co oo •* M t^ c-i oi J 0 0^005 i-H 0 1C -t1 I-H O O 1C •* O ^ C<» Is II 8 "'g?; I ^SS^^ 8 <°sg « Both sexes: All known ages K ^^ »ss 2 2 ssSII ^sa§?3 Males- All known ages 7to9years 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 years 21 years Females- All known ages »;S2 : : S cfl C8 . . C3 4) O> , , « >»!^ : i "^32 " " sSSII ^SSSc3 JI is a , " Immigration and Crime. 271 There are four classes of juvenile delinquents which are of special interest — the native-born white (regardless of parentage), the native white of native parentage, the native white of foreign parentage, and the foreign-born. In each of these four classes the age group to which the greatest number belonged was that from 10 to 14 years. Of white juvenile delinquents of this age the native-born had a larger percentage than the foreign-born, while in the native white group itself the largest proportion was that of delinquents who were born of foreign parents. Of the delinquents committed between the ages of 7 to 9 years the largest percentage was also that of the native white of foreign parentage. As 6.4 per cent of the American-born children of immigrants committed as juvenile delinquents were from 7 to 9 years of age and 61 per cent from 10 to 14 years, over two- thirds, or 67.4 per cent, of all the white juvenile delinquents born in the United States of immigrant parents were below the age of 15. Delinquents of foreign birth, on the other hand, were relatively more numerous at ages above 14 years than were delinquents born in this country. Of the total number of foreign-born white juvenile delinquents, 43.9 per cent were 15 years of age or over, while of the native-born only 37.5 per cent were as old. When the second gen- eration is considered, it is found that of the children of American parents 41.4 per cent were committed after reaching 15 years of age, while of the children of immigrant parents only 32.6 per cent had reached 15. Among the male juvenile delinquents the largest percentage were from 10 to 14 years of age, while among the females the largest per- centage (except of the colored) were from 15 to 19 years of age. Of males of known parentage the native-born of native parentage had the greatest proportion (68.8 per cent) under 15 years old and the foreign-born had the least (57.2 per cent). The largest percentage of male juvenile delinquents 15 years or over was found among the foreign-born, being 42.8 per cent, while the smallest was that of the native-born of foreign parentage, or 31.2 per cent. White female juvenile delinquents were not numerous, and their scarcity among the foreign-born renders a proper comparison of im- migrants and natives impossible. As there were less than 100 of each age among the foreign-born no percentages are shown for the immigrants. LITERACY. In dealing with the census statistics of literacy among juvenile delinquents the same difficulty is encountered as in dealing with the census statistics of literacy among prisoners. The presence of vary- ing proportions of cases in which literacy was not stated renders com- parison of the different nativity and parentage groups of delinquents inconclusive. In the table next submitted, which shows the per cent distribution by literacy of juvenile delinquents 10 years of age and over, the number not stating literacy varies from 0.9 per cent of the foreign-born delinquents to 3.3 per cent of the native-born of foreign parentage. 272 The Immigration Commission. J I ^~* ^-"»_xv^.^x s""'' *~S^~S' '^S **** ^ 1 H ^ ^ : ^ ; g o . 0 OO^t-t-00 0 OO t^COO O •*t< f TO I 0 I 553:5 0 I 1C "*< O5 lCi-l O SS-4*" 8 gS23" |! o 8 ic o$ r4oe4 OC rH 1-1 0 8 -* c^i ci o c4 o OOl-H 1-1 •* CO^O* CO SJSH* • : •' : J : ! si Ijji i Both sexes: All classes Literate Illiterate Can read but not write. Can neither read nor wri Literacy not stated Males- All classes Literate Illiterate Can read but not wr Can neither read nor Literacy not stated Females- All classes Literate Illiterate Can read but not wr Can neither read nor Literacy not stated Immigration and Crime. 273 Of the foreign-born, 17.5 per cent were unable either to read or write, while only 7.4 per cent of the native-born belonged in this category. Of the two well-defined groups of the native-born, the one of native parentage exceeded the one of foreign parentage in per- centage of juvenile delinquents who could not read or write. A sep- aration of the sexes shows complete illiteracy to have been greater among the immigrant males than among the native males and greater among the males born in America of native parents than among those born of immigrant parents. On the other nand, female delinquents born in America 01 native parents had relatively fewer complete illiterates among them than those born of immigrant, parents. A comparison of female immigrants and natives is not pos- sible because of the absence of any percentages for females of foreign birth. An additional word of qualification should be made regarding these literacy figures. They show the children of Americans to have been more illiterate than the children of immigrants. This might be mis- leading were it not for the fact that "the same general difference in favor of the native white children of foreign parentage is to be found also in the total population and 'results chiefly from the concentration of the foreign-born in cities, where the schools are better than in the country ; "° and where compulsory attendance is more strictly enforced. If there is any relation between literacy and juvenile delinquency, it is not revealed by these statistics. LANGUAGE SPOKEN. The census statistics of language spoken by juvenile delinquents are, like those of literacy, of little value in a study of immigrant crime. Language must bear so slight a relation to criminality that the value of complete data on language spoken would be doubtful. The value of incomplete data, such as that presented in the table next sub- mitted, is more doubtful still. « Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1904, p. 247. 274 The Immigration Commission. s» •9 1 cs Colored. 0 8 10 ce r^ S '"' 0 8 1-- CO O g ™ I »C 1C O g ' § eokoeo o S"w' | CM 3 ^ ** i a - g •£ _ ^ I j ( i 1*Z ; ^ - 1 •^ •g M d 13 id 11 P« O s t~"* Oi •^ IM° IN Ci O 8 00 r-l rH £C*co ^ e, 0 £ § OOOO^f S' CC(N /,^ ^ | 1 «§g III c3 (-r C3 PH c3'^ 0 I 00 tO t- g -«5 0 I lO CO fH g •* ^ o £ s oo^ SH'* £ 8 SJ> rO ^ ^cj. Jlinquents .-§ |i«. ^ S 8, ig,03 0 1 % i ^ juvenile d( Native. I^d iS » o 8 i-H CO JO Ifl ' •*' 01 o I C^(N i-l co 'CD o> £ 0 ££ § CCWIN ^ '0^-T-l 0 fe •« 1 '§ Q^ ?^ ^.g bjQ 0 <56 9 0 8 "*> iO . i i || ! S 1 C3 1 : ! : :ent distribut 'O I I ,j — UOTSIA fied vision — : : ! : * 'O CO CO CN "*f CO (M CO I-H CO i-< - CD 0s! g SS^1^ S i-H O5 1C GO CO CS OO 1 1 ojs CO * co CO CO T-I I-H ^t*^O (M o ^ i r^p i -gw- 6 1 1 I 4 £ co" 1 "|§i- l CO CN T-H O O5 OO CO 1-1 So W v . .g !5 ) CO ^ CO t^-IN CO co" O(M G5 t^ O cq o oo 10 1^ I Mrio"c^Tco~co'co~T-r 1 PH pT-| li i i i *-3*gS 8 -a85S« 1 O O OO CO O C^ CO O CO Ol CO r~ ( 1C ! f-rl 5 i g § £ „ -§ «S,-S ® i "So a "sa^ 5- <°288a i CO t^~ r-T 1 s" !l f •«i i |8 si§ls 1 SiiSS li liilgsS s CO 2 3 § EH 'i 203 g OOCOrH -r 1-1 1-1 2 CO I IMilM ^ • i qj p • : : : : i : : 6S : i t H 1 1 0 Gainful offenses: Blackmail and extortion. . Burglary Forgery and fraudulent of Larceny and receiving stol Robbery 1 Offenses of personal violence: Abduction and kidnaping Assault, simple Homicide Rape 1 Offenses against public policy: Disorderly conduct Intoxication Offenses of dishonesty Vagrancy, truancy, and u Violation of corporation or Violation sanitary law Allother EH General Tables. 289 8§SS n 1-T UO* s 112 S3' i g" •*O^HOO •»*< «c r- co 33*- 5 ei~ R § cf OS c-i 3* eo*~ e s :2 1-1 S 53 •5 » »• » . ^ OQ OO( CO CM CN CM 1C »— < * O 1O O O 00 t^ CO CO CM CO CO (35 CO !M O »— < t-- C C^J O O CM CM O O5 »0 t - OC CM O rH rH X rH T-. oo «> iy.. (N 1Q -f^ OO CO »H i— I OO CO i— t rH M* CC CM CO CO CO T1 O CO rH p rH O t^ O Oi 00 rH lM OOCOCO O -^l «O CO O> OC' CO I t- T)i o CM 00 O CT. i 1C CM CO CO CO i-l 2 CN 1 if} CO O5 If5 h- — ( ! CC ^T1 O^ ^ CM O oo t^eo corn eS'l §§£! y „». rH 1-1 TJI in I •"T CN C2 IO i-H O *— < CM 1^ 00 00 tO O t- T> rH ef - H^HlC erl io er tlMlf! o. : 1^*9 'rfslS 1 ,6Ma KHlEl •g o p-3 £ 5 g So.o-5 -« w flft rC^^Q *" S &-2 life Biga Diso Disor Intox Offen Vagr Viola Viola Ano Ifiijl a I 1H.OSC3PS7^O O M fj Its 5T,ceSsS£° o MOO"U' rCg^o&'ga H «E.2£c5 : si ^^°°^§ : : 1 1-1 : : : : : »H i \ Z ft | i •a tS !> 1 sg-s g O if5 O iO CO LO !>. 1 CO -5g|gSfe8 Q S rH O N 35 O* i— 1 GO >-H C~ | a s^. 2 S rC •— « O o «a s fe "^ CO 00 O 'O C^ "^ s -g^rH-^rH 1 CO 0* 1 s p Scotland. rH i-H S|»ssas^ 1 CO — |9 an T •0 t>> 1 « (§ •" El S««388 ci ***** s -te-g ® ^ H 1 "08 «a s " psggfcs CO -gsasss s -«;-g £~ 1 ll S 1 S |isis-- I gS8-S^ i " s s Si If «0^t CO mm ! «3«J8^SS i -B-3 if 1 ^ 5 S CO CO O5 CO iO i-l CO C<« IM05 COINrH CO 1 •* "-8 if I i "to a W * ;cc S^l°" s ^O ^ CO O C^l t^ *O CD t^- CO O *O O5 CO • r^ 0 CO rH IM (N 0 I -iis^i6 5 CO" i I i | j if j j j j II 3 I : 1 : : j^| o £ .. .2 is to >> -e ^ a TABLE 3.— Persons o Offenses against chastit] Bigamy Disorderly house. . . Seduction Allother i ^1 :I^lb If :"i§l^ n 0 i Offenses against the per Abduction and kidc Assault, simple Assault, violent Homicide Rape Robbery Allother i Offenses against propert Arson Blackmail and extoi Burglary Forgery and fraudu Larceny and receivi General Tables. 293 I H « t- I6E L 1 oo Is 1 s 3 2 as^s - s c» M rl 1C T3 5S 5 0 (-1 83 *8 ^ 22 ; ; ~^ : :s I 2g°§ 3 3SS323S CO *O OO O^ t-~ iO t1* as •*-" s SSSS'^SS O ^ r-t i-H I co r^- •<•*< ^^ o ^ ^ O cT *" a 1-3 °.2 us OOCMJ oo 01 CM ^ CM OO i— I CO »— 1 CM r | s" • ro too >c t^o CO t^ «O CO (N CO i §WS • >, Sl CO^JNlO S 05 1— ' o co co r^« 10 Tf 0 00 CM ?l 10 ^J I-TIN" n iO~ i ^gsssss s 0? ^ ss^ I a ?! I^^^S"50* § i-HC4tOrH (Ni-l CM W c^ England. iHCO CM w 2|^3 S SSS^S^S 10 •* •* >o •* :-Br If :: 23 : ^> :^ H fe :3 =.E Offenses against chas Bigamy Disorderly house Allother j H Offenses against publ Disorderly condu Intoxication Offenses of dishoi Vagrancy, truanc Violation corpora Violation samtar1 Allother j Offenses against the ] Auductionand k Assault, simple.. Assault, violent. Homicide Rape Robbery Allother 1 Offenses against prop Arson Blackmail and ex Burglary Forgery and frau< Larceny and rece General Tables. 295 s s OM i 1- 8 8 -- S s s ~r 5E 5< B *-• S3 1 oo" 00~ 49 Q |^ i 0 g §S s tS co" C: '/ 0)00 1 irT « i S S ^28 CC 2 0 S OC^J f t~- o" 00 to" c-i i gJOT f~ s t^ S s- 1 f-l M pq 1 s§ 1 ^r 5f s" • "o § !5 •S"S • 1 C/D §1 «3 <3 1 9 B S | |1 1 1 H H| 0 S O 296 The Immigration Commission. flS £ffi ) Q 1C OJ •** CO ! [sfesdij o; •* 05 co o 55 i-i «C t^ ^H •*f 1^- *O CO O C^l lO "* i-l C<) (N T»< i-H 00 CN O - »O O O5 CO 00 Tf< — 1 i-l ^H 1C ^t* GO iO 00 OO >O t-l(M S 5? 0, a fl . S o w > » !gg«0ofe _ rtS^+aS :l!im 5 "BSS-S ry er .siissIS I i- i-H GO Oi O g CO i-H "° a CO ^ $j ^ || j o | e CO CO -«t* O >O CO Oi 5 1-1 s N s^g -*o ^> ^ o § o> 14 3 i £ S - ^ ||SS§-2 1 OOCO rH s — 8 <£ % H -* CO SSSo3COCo2 'I'O 1 r-T OS j-j 0 ^H CO 3 SjH^^.SNW £ (N TF rH »O « reported. i S| S^^^ f2 i-l « CO S g^ -3 CO CO CT>05 § 8ISS8IS 1 i-4 GO >O i-H IQ O »O > i ^3^2 8 ^H ~ °°||SS?S^ pj CO CO O> rH O CO i n eoco »o g coV • 2 -S§^MSS § NCOl£ W CO *t o | s z | O i-t -*1 CO O - •<* r-l CO • 3 CO-JO •d I C*t~ CO N |g2|S5!^ s .-l>ON»0 to^f 5 O? "O co H i>8 jogjog oo g §iiiii§ 1 O OO CO CO ^* »-H r-t C^ 00 O lO 00 CO CO O CO CN C$ l — gsg 1 ?£ • : : : COlO r-( C^ i-t : : I'o : : : 1 ! :3 : i i a ~S ^ p, i-H 93 SS " i "-"-1 s CM 0 j 2338 9 CO CM e» co co ic O5 •* OO CM CO O t^ ^tt Oi IO t^ 00 1^ CM l^ r-H § CM OO O^ §O ^ R CM CM CO ^O * CM CM i-H T-< CM i-( CO CM CM If •«••* 8 O CM CC i— ( OO ^ "^ O5 00 i-l CM 00 o oo •* "O It&Ell8 1 |K? i -s-g J| ^S^cM $ o o^ o o ^ c^ o CO CO CS "^ ^ CD rH 2 ^§S2S«*S CO 'pi I -28 » IS SSSS8,,, i TTCOCO R — * 1 H 0 ggagsss ! O5 CO1* CO COlO 1: r-10 g • ^ r« » s Sg^S 1 siiiisi CO ^Isa3^ g CM OO CO CO 10 i-H i— I OO t^- O5 !>• C5 I DM coS ~«^ 3 CM 1 : i :&S : : |::J|lj: i j 1 1 !l 1 1 y: •tion ent offenses ng stolen propel O 52 <8 11 I rib !- ! j i 1 1 ill p, 5 i a * Offenses against ch£ Bigamy Disorderly hous Seduction Allother I Offenses against pu Disorderly cone Intoxication.... Offenses of dish Vagrancy, truai Violation corpo Violation sanita Allother 1 s|f| ; r^wa^ O 1 Offenses against pr< Arson Blackmail and Burglary Forgery and fra Larceny and re General Tables. 303 1 -' P 1 § S" § § i CS (N CO co *- S H R i8 00 a s° I a R ss S 0 to K § I2 oT 5 3 eo" eo" ~ 3 |S 1 ss g55 c<« o r ! « or t-05 Jg C 00 W H !- i II •3 H is i | i si •o i I e ^1 o o 304 The Immigration Commission. i 0 e § -xs s s s e « f 1—4 o oo o i 5 ^t* CO C-J O 00 IN O O5 CM -*i t^ ffi CO O SlS IO CO 00 S t^ JH 5? Cl »O CO T-l 50 rH ^ s jaS^ g ISSra^ 331*5 I 3 gai -. il an ____ and and girt •o'S'S'g'g ge^SfeS c^pqpq^i-} General Tables. 305 E 06 |! 1 1 l-H 4 r 1 £ S P 1 s i ,_- r i-^ •a «§ s2 i s s 0 s 8 - s CO HJ i- 1 o o of § s RS ! 8 is i .-T 5 'f (M ! £; SB S 1 Malicious mischief "o EH Total defined offenses Offenses not defined Grand total 306 The Immigration Commission. t 3«i *3«8 1 CS IO f2 ^ tt> f2 GO 3 CD O5 •* CO lO O CO 03 O5 O rH Oi t^ C55 CO 1C IO rH CO O>1 fe 853|Sg ^g10^05 ja i ^rHc co •* s?§s^^s?? t:r;-r4 O 00 5 cc" S5SgS8S co" Hi1 O o O^g 10 IO CO t^» O t^- CO rH >0 CS r-1 05 CC 0 0> coV-T oTi-T rC rHgSSSSg i •^ ^ o c^ o •d • o« cs .-1 00 «5 "O CO O t^. CO 3 »OlOr-( >O S OCO^rH w s^s Russia. COgCOCO 5$ C33 (35 O3 T}< O5 •*! O ^** Tj< CO CO CO C^ Tt< t- ^ r-l ,-1 «3 0 rH ci" id'c^fr-T o 1 c^T «§22S^^ o N •* 1^ O> O rH CO 1 >> 03 S cog co GO 1C o §^^ J2S COrH t->ArHOOrH03 Of ^rH1 1 rH ^||fe^i^ 1 t^O O5 rHC^» "'oJ § 2 1-H (-~rH 1M ?3 CO •* 00 W t^ IO O jttf " M J^ c^r 88?:0K8 COrH CO CO iO O> Ij <°c3 55 0 S£838£§ TJ* 10 o -^ o ^ o fr?.-r rH*" (C CO OO CO N CO -H O rH 01 •* rH CO •* C£3 CO CO iC »OC* s-g§ I to co a |g2^S°°| i rH»OU3 01-* 8 S5 c^ England. rH kOi-l 74 O> >o oT rH CO O> Oi CO rH t> 1 ^«g « || COOOO1 O 1 1 ^SrSSSSS OlOCN CCrH g tN rH 00 "30O ; a« 3M »OOrH •<*( : : :*^ : : : : : :a : : : Io (N rH CO ;:!!>> - .« I : i^^ : I ion nt offenses g stolen propert Q >>:::: & : :§*§« >> ••£ "^ fl Is :S&=Sh fcT3 ; : . : P.3 • ! ! ' fcil 11 Offenses against cha Bigamy Disorderly house Seduction Allother £ Offenses against pub Disorderly condi Intoxication Offenses of disho Vagrancy, truan Violation corpor Violation samtai Allother 3 1 Offenses against the Abduction and Assault, simple. Assault, violent. Homicide Rape Robbery Allother 1 Offenses against pro] Arson Blackmail and e Burglary Forgery and frat Larceny and rec General Tables. 307 a •r «S O Total defined off Offenses not defined 308 The Immigration Commission. I ll 53 8 S- ! 13°" ™ "§i r"s wa" -." ! 1 1 1 Jo g>2 1 ss S5 -8" 8-- «» = C3 •3 8 oo to co oo 00 I H iO £ • OtO s STr! « g^e. .0 Ol i (N (N OO S CO i-H " -§S8 S •*»< CO CO CO CO 10 s Ireland. eo 1C ;S^ S ~ «^ ; . H s i : ** o *«* OS CO - • 3- 2 s I I o England r-l te 3 H || N "" ^ ^C lOOO^f^H Is* Ol CO »— I 00 aj p^ ^ ^-o w S * S Q. ° g w m 0 c8 E-1 General Tables. 309 Cs r- 4 re s r 0 2 1 B« 5 e 8* i (N p §S 1 *• M §S § s s OOl-H s- Q 1-1 r-l a« § »• f g f 8 - • • • • i j j Offensos against chastit Primo oCToinaf nafil j) 1 \l { ! ) 1 3 i j C I 1 ; 5 1 [ \ > Total defined ofle Oft'enses not defined... Grand total 310 The Immigration Commission. cS^S^'So1 SS^0"" rH CO CO S? 50 cs m f? 1 W oo ow i s M a •» ^H O0<£> cT 8 i • I || J j| j ! 2 ? ii 2 H • Offenses against chastity: Crime against nature. TT-^nrtonro nf r>orarm in i 1 ll 5 3 tA i 1 Unclassified offenses. . . Total defined offe Offenses not defined Grand total 312 The Immigration Commission. July of fg S .O M t I OF by off tive-born o tive father. •nSiaioj jaq^Q •qsuj •qsui •treipui •OJ33N S^SSS i CO rH -,-H CO COCOIM CO S M t> >-H( g • d S ra « t-T-S >> t»> E* 3S"§slo •gpQWP^tf O ti! pu Offe Bribery Crime ag False reg Gaming Libel Perju Vario Offenses against chastity: Bigamy Crime against nature. General Tables. 313 a sa of • 01 CO 1M •* CO ^t< t>. o |U 1 ^.o^ o>«o oo I-H •ajil ireqj ssay ?nq s-reaA" 03 Oi-n^co ^-icooot^ |i| ^^-^^ ss~- General nativity and race •2 ' i ! ts • S : : : : : : : >> : : : : : : : £> S : : : •' : I ; 1 ! •i1 : 8e- | : 6&c^ 1 i al J"o • o^oQ 3 llll fi Illi .ill! I Pill &SoS 1 S sla^M® cTcTcS- g Pill 118 S General Tables. 317 • "i ir i .1 •o fl •4 i-H * II II 2 ?l •* I! || «0 'S5 g ** ** sll la » I1 : inr | | " 10 ji • o £ o> ^ -4 ,|| I . o" -9 1 g 1 : I ^ ilhlh £ .d ill ^ -g • WCs (0—1 s|-|« |2j -"- - eo m w O •-1 11 : 1 "1 ^ So ^ 11 Is •« '^L 8 w«[ -1 - (N sria ^ || ^^ « SN alhlls HJ IS ^ §i • 1 §5 2 II :||2 2 P «cc CC CO «I9I§ 1 K LC* * ^"= CO CO | rH ra 'H ff 3 -a ! |l ~2 s r- ijaji II II of 1 t§ § .B2- S|X| |-|5- lli| 5jf2l |qumx -"O * 00 S || :" : : i"1 -II •PW ^mwsv -1 -II i-H M CO 'I i : : :- "II •puooas 'unsssy r-t-CO C^I »O S 888!t" S I £cot£2 C^S^^ S i l o Native-born of native la White Negro Total Native-born of foreign f of father: German Hebrew... Pt3 > • ^^q-rs."1 faf'o, -43 • -*f C bcm o - ! EJ.S Ml! I :teE | | %3 |S_ i|s£ I III * * Jllll iiii *• General Tables. 325 = 5 2 a a I I — CO I I 8 3 05 g co 3 e I I If i '* .2 -J3 i il H =a oo w' 1 11 | 18- I ^| 01 ^ > | |§ 1 15 a gj "3 '5^ "l-Q a3'> ;J£^: -^> a i ^» O -^ •g ^ s « 326 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 22.— Foreign-born persons convicted, by years in the United States and by race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909. Race. Number con- victed. Number reporting years in United States. Number in United States each specified number of years. Under 3. Under 5. Under 10. Under 20- English 40 125 11 247 93 237 18 17 12 14 10 60 9 26 91 8 191 61 183 11 7 10 11 5 43 6 8 11 3 30 7 47 5 1 5 4 9 27 3 57 13 76 9 2 6 6 2 16 1 14 40 7 105 21 128 11 4 8 8 3 24 4 20 62 8 173 34 168 11 6 10 10 5 36 5 German Greek Hebrew... Irish Italian Magyar Negro Polish '. Russian Scandinavian O ther foreign a . . 7 Not reported Total 893 653 128 227 377 548 • " Other foreign" includes 9 Austrian, 1 Belgian, 4 Bohemian, 1 Brazilian, 2 Canadian, 2 Cuban, 1 Chinese, 3 Danish, 3 Dutch, 1 Finnish, 9 French, 1 Japanese, 1 Lithuanian, 1 Mexican, 1 Norwegian, 1 Roumanian, 6 Scotch, 1 Servian, 1 Slovak, 2 Spanish, 5 Swedish, 3 Swiss, 1 Syrian, and 1 West Indian. TABLE 23. — Political condition of foreign-born males convicted, by race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909. [This table includes only those who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States.] Race. Number con- victed. Number reporting years in United States and political condition. In United States 5 years or over. Aliens. Having first papers only. Having second papers only. Austrian (race not specified) 1 1 2 2 13 1 3 51 4 40 37 25 18 6 5 4 1 3 7 1 2 3 1 1 Canadian Danish 1 1 Dutch... English 6 1 5 Finnish French 3 22 2 21 14 14 13 1 8 2 14 3 9 10 2 12 German 2 Greek Hebrew 1 3 1 2 6 8 4 1 Irish Italian, South Italian (not specified) Magyar. .*. ' 2 2 1 1 1 Polish 1 Roumanian Russian 2 2 1 1 1 Scandinavian 1 Scotch Spanish Swiss (race not specified) Total 230 105 52 11 42 General Tables. 327 TABLE 24= . — Persons convicted, by offense and by age group: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909. [This table does not include 7 persons not reporting complete data.] Offense. Number within each specified age group. Under 14. 14 and 15. 16 to 20. 21 to 39. 40 or over. Total. Offenses against chastity: 1 3 2 5 2 1 6 9 Crimes against nature Total 4 7 3 14 Offenses against public policy: Bribery 5 60 1 29 1 6 5 5 85 3 65 2 6 5 Crimes against public health and safety False registration . . . 20 1 2 5 1 34 1 Libel Perjury Various provisions of excise law, etc . Total 23 107 41 171 Offenses against the person: Ab andonment 11 10 2 1 1 39 11 1 4 1 13 13 1 276 39 27 33 3 Abduction . 2 Abortion Assault 1 59 4 9 6 1 177 24 17 23 1 Homicide Rape . Robbery Suicide .. Total 1 81 263 60 405 Offenses against property: Arson 1 25 1 2 11 102 4 5 1 478 13 4 74 3 989 20 61 Burglary. ... 4 219 6 1 14 230 6 1 48 2 565 15 40 Extortion False personations and cheats Forgery 1 Larceny. 1 14 307 1 16 Malicious mischief and injuries to prop- erty Receiving stolen property Total 1 19 564 907 152 1,643 Total defined offenses 1 20 1 672 1 1,284 17 256 3 2,233 22 Offenses not defined Grand total 1 21 673 1,301 259 2,255 328 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 25. — Literacy of persons convicted, by general nativity and race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909. General nativity and race. Number con- victed Number reporting as to literacy. Number who read. Number who read and write. Native-born of native father: White . 421 a419 ff419 a 419 Negro 213 213 197 196 Indian 1 1 1 1 Total 635 a 633 o617 a 616 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English 29 29 29 29 German 113 113 110 110 Hebrew 97 97 97 97 Irish 302 302 300 300 Italian (not specified) . . 48 47 47 47 Italian. South 35 35 32 32 Other foreign & 48 48 47 47 Not reported . ... 27 27 26 26 Total 699 698 688 688 Total native-born . 1 334 «1 331 «1 305 o 1 304 Foreign-born: English 40 40 40 40 German 125 125 122 122 Greek U 11 9 9 Hebrew 247 247 212 212 Irish 93 93 89 88 Italian (not specified) 136 136 91 91 Italian, South 101 101 68 66 Magyar 18 18 16 16 Negro 4 17 17 15 15 Polish 12 12 g 8 Russian. . 14 14 11 11 Scandinavian 10 10 10 10 Other foreign c 60 60 54 63 Not reported 9 9 9 9 Total foreign-born 893 893 754 750 Not reported ... 35 31 29 29 Grand total 2,262 a 2, 255 a2,088 o2,083 a Not including 1 not reporting complete data. b "Other foreign" includes 5 Bohemian, 1 Canadian, 1 Cuban, 1 Danish. 1 Dutch, 5 French, 1 Greek, 4 Magyar, 6 Negro, 1 Norwegian, 1 Portuguese, 6 Russian, I Scandinavian, 9 Scotch, 2 Swedish, 2 Swiss, and 1 Welsh. c "Other foreign" includes 9 Austrian, 1 Belgian, 4 Bohemian, 1 Brazilian, 2 Canadian, 2 Cuban, 1 Chi- nese, 3 Danish, 3 Dutch, 1 Finnish, 9 French, 1 Japanese, 1 Lithuanian, 1 Mexican, 1 Norwegian, 1 Rou- manian, 5 Scotch, 1 Servian, 1 Slovak, 2 Spanish, 5 Swedish, 3 Swiss, 1 Syrian, and 1 West Indian. General Tables. 329 TABLE 26. — Literacy of persons convicted, by offense: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909. Offense. Number con- victed. Number reporting as to literacy. Number who read. Number who read and write. Offenses against chastity: Bigamy 5 5 4 4 Crime against, nature , , 9 9 7 7 Total 14 14 11 11 Offenses against public policy: Bribery 5 5 5 5 Crimes against public health and safety . . . 85 85 68 68 False registration 3 2 2 2 Gaming 65 65 60 60 Libel 3 <>2 • 2 • 2 Perjury 6 6 5 5 Various provisions ol excise law, etc 5 5 5 5 Total 172 « 170 «147 a 147 Offenses against the person: Abandonment 13 13 11 11 Abduction 13 13 13 12 Abortion 1 1 1 1 Assault 278 277 237 237 Homicide 39 39 29 28 Rape 27 27 25 25 Robbery 34 32 28 28 Suicide 3 3 3 3 Total 408 405 347 345 Offenses against property: Arson 1 1 Burglary 479 479 456 454 Extortion 13 13 9 9 False personations and cheats 4 4 4 4 Forgery 74 73 73 73 Fraud 3 3 3 3 Larceny 991 990 944 943 Malicious mischief and injuries to property 20 20 20 20 Receiving stolen property 61 61 54 54 Total 1.646 1,644 1,563 1,560 Total defined offenses 2 240 a 2 233 02 068 a 2 063 Offenses not defined 22 22 20 20 Grand total 2 262 a 2 255 • 2 088 «2 083 a Not including 1 not reporting complete data. 79340° —VOL 36—11 22 330 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 27. — Conjugal condition of persons convicted, by general nativity and race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909. [This table does not include 4 persons n t reporting complete data.) General nativity and race. Single. Married. Widowed. Divorced. Total. Native-born of native father: White 276 135 g 420 Negro .... ........ 139 71 3 213 Indian 1 Total 416 206 12 634 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English 23 5 1 29 German 81 27 5 113 Hebrew 78 19 97 Irish 229 67 6 302 Italian (not specified) 39 g 48 Italian. South 31 4 35 Other foreign o 35 10 3 48 Not reported ... 14 11 2 27 Total 530 152 17 699 Total native-born 946 358 29 1 333 Foreign-born: English 23 14 3 40 German 73 44 7 1 125 Greek 8 2 1 11 Hebrew 187 59 1 247 Irish 58 31 4 93 Italian (not specified) 91 44 1 136 Italian, South 63 37 1 101 Magyar. . . 12 5 1 18 Negro .... 13 4 17 Polish 6 6 12 Russian 9 5 14 Scandinavian 6 3 1 10 Other foreign b .... 37 21 2 60 Not reported 8 1 9 Total foreign-born 594 276 22 1 893 Not reported 26 4 2 32 Grand total . . 1 566 638 53 1 2,258 « "Other foreign" includes 5 Bohemian, 1 Canadian, 1 Cuban, 1 Danish, 1 Dutch, 5 French. 1 Greek, 4 Magyar, 6 Negro, 1 Norwegian, 1 Portuguese, 6 Russian, 1 Scandinavian, 9 Scotch, 2 Swedish, 2 Swiss, and > " Other foreign" includes 9 Austrian, 1 Belgian, 4 Bohemian, 1 Brazilian, 2 Canadian, 2 Cuban, 1 Chinese, Z Danish, 3 Dutch, 1 Finnish, 9 French, 1 Japanese, 1 Lithuanian, 1 Mexican, 1 Norwegian, 1 Roumanian, 6 Bcotch, 1 Serrian, 1 Slorak, 2 Spanish, 5 Swedish, 3 Swiss, 1 Syrian, and 1 West Indian. General Tables. S31 t~- ^"CO OO» 50 .- *H -- Iil|i4il« illilll i > 1 3 S 5 £ i-gS. lltg fQHfe South.. not spec ii 334 The Immigration Commission. •sasua^o aaqio !-c '.-I K : CO llBl •° q«i -B 1 General Tables. 335 ^pqcq 336 Ihe Immigration Commission. 11 5-S- 'IB10J, ^IBttia,! •eiBtTOj; | : I a | ooe, Hi •mOJ, | ° n* ii •9IBTH9J | — | 3" I - I II I- II • I "" jl|| || :8'«'S «r bfiitffi S2. C J3* ri ill fllfiil il^l-l •^s'S.S^S SS|^So isle's ^.S °^"w^ OT -4J bi^- 3 3 if'lj-ii Slflll g 111 l^oo^P o^PQ 5 « 1 False F General Tables. 337 c< »o ec ~H oo -H 10 a " ^8 : : I ?3 W •*< CO i CO <-H O> (N O3 SIS s" S 8 • 5 1C CO 00 l~- 00« a i|s I « I a n ill '2 :°° 18 § o • ^ : I rwn I ol 2^ »6 - g*S3S 3 bcii*^^ if 8 91 1 ^11 So 1 \~ fb 2>a l^ts gra gra ny, ££^£> kll SI js Hlllll .S>> 5^* "'gpTJ-O'd'O I g§f et •gcd, ^ g fO I wx CO O) 1-1 .-1 r 1 -co1-1 CO ^0^ •gjBuraj : : ; || rH ; 1-1 ''.'.'. i II jw ; co • « • TO coo J ^j C3 I '43 i f II II Ii r-H~-Or-l I OO CO !- IS •9IBUT9J | J9TBUI9J_L •mox 4J T) 1 alf 1 111 Tl O »O -*-3 11^ vak,' 2 Spanish, 5 Swedish, 3 Swiss, 1 Syr •IM ry« II ; -i : - II 1! : : II •M (M II : '-' : -II • OJ !** J s j 2 *" £ n ^ i— c<- r- : : II • OS :^ ; o II : 3 * • 1C || ff •- tf N • C^l « Oi 1-1 ^J : 3 " •^ II " f . ; ; : : II ; :2 : -S" »• r j &J II : •"• i - II 03 O ! ! ; II ii :2 : — 2 "~ 1—1 ^" ; J^ II i i " :". : • w • COi-l II ' • ii. .. : :« : II : : : ii "C - : I'gS ^ s r ; ; I ;§;i;i • o " Other foreign" includes 9 A 1 Mexican, 1 Norwegian, 1 Rouman ill ^ : iog : :T3fe 1 I sg •3. .2 "o ill = i S^ ! i Crime against public health i safety: Attempting to sell cocaine. . Carrying concealed weap (second offense) Criminally carrying concea weapons (felony) /. Feloniously selling a salt of Irnlniri onr>flinp Unlawful sale of cocaine Tntnl Extortion: Attempted extortion Rlanlrmail I fr 1 b^b :« i ild J2J2J2 :ft J tl* 'Sb'bo'ti • « nl -^ - ^^s3 I-E-ES •Q-Q-D§ 852-3^. S-gsTLI -".ll ^^S^t^tx.o >>>>>» >>«p jxaaj- »- £ Js o3 ol cl tJIi'f&fl ^Wg ^St^t^ 3303 3333C Sj •<•<- (N CO 33 it •JB^OJ, II II •""' H 8 j*j "91BTH9J II II H i ^ II '"H'~l •9JBJ^ K CV II * S H O5 |S " II °°S 8*- || i-d it 'IB^OJ, II II : II •giBtuej II II : II '91BPI II II : II o"2'* 'IB^°vL II 1-1 II ••* •91BTH9J II II : II '81BK II II ^ 1-1 II 1^ 'IB^OJ, II • II : 11 •9lBUl9jJ II II : II •91BH II : ^ II : II II •JB^OJ, II II : II •91BTH9J II : II '91BJ^ II || : II 1 °W°\Ii II I) *H ^ || •gjBirraji || TH ^H || •9IBPI || : : 1 * 'I^OjI, || : : 1 •eiBuraj 1 II •9IBm II 1 || ; ; is "IB^OJ, II || •9IBUT9J II 1 •9IBK II II : I HI! ii : 1-1 c II CO •gretcraji ii 1 || : II •9IBK n : ^ c" CO CO^ || Ii •JBWL II " i 00 °°rt II •91BUI9J || ii : 1 •9IBK II ^ n II 00 00 i-H I i *9IBUI9LJ II II -jj — II II — — r^r *9|Bp^ | II ii || T-i T-i •*! II "re^oj, II ! r* || C * '.- •^ || *eo ** •giBtaaj II : 11 1 || "-1 ; 1-1 1 •9TBH e CO "i || "" o 1 M o "IBIJOJj 11 i || '9IBUI9J II || •9JBJV II II og 'IB^OJ, ii s * 0 f- 1 " OrH "giBttig^j ii 1-1 1-1 II •9TBK n o '' r : II ! IF .-. io ' •(•eiojj II ii 1-1 1-1 ii 1-1 " 1 •giBura^ II ii 1! •9IBjq II ii £ ^ || rt ^H | False registration: False registration (at election) . . False personations and cheats: Attempting to obtain money for a charitable purpose by fa ISP •nrftt.ftnsft Obtaining the signature of another person to a written instrument with intent to de- i Forgery: Attempted forgery, second Attempted forgery, third Forgery, first 0 2 J TJ § 6C§ • Forgery, second.... Forgery, second (sec Forgery, third... Total Fraudulently presentir public officer for payir Gaming: Gaminghouse Policy possession . . Total Injury to property General Tables. 343 a Sss • ! CNOCN I «| as 88 — rH rHCOM « rHCO CS rH a| rH 00 •— O 3 :sg I • rHi-H • ex ; : 1 : : II S SS§ - i i •fi CO co II ~" s?3 •^ CM CM ••«• rH M O rH SI rHi-H«O — II i10 10 || rH rHrH Ml *^ ; *"* 1 : : : Ml | rH CN CO II : II i— 1 * rH : : : - 325 CO CO - II ^ 23 9 0, COJ - F "II * rH •*cooo CN II -CN i II ^ rH CO : Ml ; : || ; : ; • II 1 ss§ * §11 '"rn" CM rH « r^rH CN CO || II H 1—1 0*|| rH •«* rH • *i rt ; '. 1-1 | ;CO co II " *""* 1 • Ml 1—1 ** : : : - : : co | ; ; ~ ; -H ; : ; Ml CMrHgJ CN II !° 2 II ^ CNrH II 1-1 1-1 ; ; ! ! I ; U ; ;«"- r— y -co CO II : Ml ; ; i ; ; ; || CN rH IO 211 :- — CN CNrH II " -" II : :y : : : Ml . -CN CN || ;CN rH || TH CM • II : Ml • ii • M . . . . Ml T-T^ — rH — — -jj : Ml : 1 Ml : : : Ml | rH CN 1 *° II :N CM II £ II Ml Ml Ml : : • || ; II : | • rH CN CO •CN CM || •rH : II ;-r . •rH CN CO II II II : II : II :| Ml • • ' • rHCN CO || ;CS CO rH II II II II : II y Ml Ml Ml :| Ml : • • - rH | CN •* || I40 II -^o— H II " sj «rH : Ml ijF : : : ' II — r= — ^~T^i — co || ;« CO II rH CMrH • ii rrj — — ; : - • II Ml * C^CN rH a || i00 1 *-< || oo ii 0 COCN ii : 1-1 * a oo • • 00 II - CO CN CN a a II i00 n C-l CO CM ii " rH : • II 00 ; . • ii "ii rHCNO a I * ' «O n : 1-1 CN j ! "~ CO • • 'i rHrHO - i -^ ]}— c^ sr — 4! — n " -TT-eT • t II v— CO ^ * »O CN O 1211 :8 f| II t-4 CMC- ii ; ; || : Ml : Ml CNrHlO 00 | .» 1-1 ii : Ml • ' ' i*i s 8 :§- - II : • II ill CO rH • • II ; ;rn II 1 ' • n : : II . • | *"* jo || Jeo1"1 « II : : : i : ~ -7^ | ; ' II ; CO rH • 'i Ml 0,0S -H 'IT "*! CM fc - cV II - j • II J I I ill rH rH • « 1 :N : « II 1 ' || • • || • • II °°^2 M !-• "-1 CS| ii : • rt . . . • II • • • > II '- CNCNCN — II o» j o || ; 1-1 ii ™ ; *H rH rH J I ! Ml ;CN J CN || CN ; CN || ; ii : ii ~c> : :•« cb 1 rH II fjjf || ! "H i? : : i : : : 1 Ml Larceny, grand: Attempted grand larceny, firs Attempted grand larceny, se ond Grand larceny, first Grand larceny, second Grand larceny, second (secor nffansp^ Grand larceny, second, and i ceiving |:| C8 ' S 4. ~ :-o -3 E is : g £ «= &>»>» "08 4 pll 3 11 3 &K5 3 1 || S ^ISS £ 5 25 " fl -^ oj t^ 3 o3 rt g^p^fi, ^jpn -as 3 S 1 Manslaughter, second Total Misdemeanors, not classified . . Murder: Murder, first.. Murder, second Total Perjury: Attempted subornation of pe inrv 1 Subornation of perjury Total Rape: Rape, first, and assault, secon Rape, second Rape, second, and assault, se ond Rape, second; assault, secon and abduction Total 344 The Immigration Commission. , g II 4 •81BUI8J •8IBTH8J •ejtniraj '81BUI8J rt ll fl »l a-gs§ fl«g-w -7§^ 3^»s S,tll fill eg llfl rH p- p- r II S^ IIS 113 112 || CO Us S+s o o o g> General Tables. 345 TABLE 33 . — Persons convicted, by offense and by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December. 31 , 1908. REVISED CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENSES. [Compiled from reports made to the secretary of state, by the New York county and supreme courts (unpublished). This table does not include 3 corporations.] Offense. United States. FOREIGN. Not reported. Grand total. A u s t ria- Hungary. I O England. >> O Ireland. t Poland. 5 Other for- eign. | I Gainful offenses: Burglary .... 2,181 16 221 3,009 238 72 2 9 191 6 24 30 133 1 17 202 7 60 3 3 128 3 125 36 7 238 39 27 .... 31 4 156 1 17 313 11 91 10 12 181 8 718 53 76 1.414 84 100 1 13 90 18 2,999 70 310 4,513 340 Extortion Forgery and fraudulent offenses. Larceny and receiving stolen property 5 52 4 5 78 2 Kobbery ....... Total 5,665 280 85 115 360 197 445 63 498 302 5 64 6 2,345 36 663 110 1 222 — -— -- 1 40 8 8,232 . .. 74 1,333 190 2 188 Offenses of personal violence: Abduction and kidnaping 37 630 72 1 115 2 62 7 1 6 1 1 24 3 73 5 Assault 15 8 2 47 8 38 6 342 74 14 2 Homicide .... Maiming Rape 1 2 11 2 25 1 3 12 63 10 Total 855 78 15 2 10 4 16 --_. 1 "is" 13 3 4 10 67 13 11 27 3 46 3 3 15 3 465 163 12 58 11 17 .. 5 1 3 2 84 87 873 229 49 168 39 59 1 1 149 9 1,787 .— . — ,. -, 310 177 580 87 Offenses against public policy: Crimes against public health and safety »0 127 263 39 15 4 9 7 11 12 23 9 Gaming Violations excise laws, etc. . . All other Total 509 65 25 31 14 31 14 17 54 24 2 244 6 2 11 ~- — 2 35 8 55 1 3 2 1 485 "-^ ___ — 40 9 12 11 160 "_. 6 1 6 3 1,154 111 35 49 28 Offenses against chastity: Bigamy 8 4 4 9 Crime against nature Disorderly house, obscene prints . etc "2" 1 3 2 2 1 3 2 Allother 4 Total 135 122~ 7,286 834 10 ~20~ 419 53 1 • —•' 8 11 5 13 S 514 41 3 ~8~ 278~ 67 13 — — •__•• 16 1,183 101 2 ' ^ 3 96 12 17 7 •- - 7 72 .' " ~, — 104 16 ~17~ 474 6 223 243 11,639 1,?55 Unclassified offenses Total defined offenses ..... . 124 6 161 23 646 72 458 52 3,879 415 Offenses not defined Grand total ... . 8,120 472 130 184 555 345 1,284 96 718 510 4,294 480 12,894 79340°— VOL 36—11—23 346 The Immigration Commission. 4 1 1 5" 3 s -joj •U3T3 «DiH COCO •sarp •9099JO •aouBJj "Bnrqo Offe o r^ 10 ^ CM COiHi-l rH COC4 eo cocoes ifji-i 1^ 2°° s ssa a CS r-l r-H oococoiow^eo OS rH t— 00 rH t~ -* (N rH M rH 10 rH-*rH J§ CO CO K rH : :*s Ii l.S ; >>« • Slfl i i i ! ! .£?-g.S2 Pc3 «SB •< General Tables. 347 U3O> OO^H — «N w§^c3S ^S cf •*" r-~ IS cT CCg^cog u,« c^ R r 1 sgssg; ss I Iss oo-* 1 eo~ a. ** o^-cog jo, R Is* | *" : :a : : R ^« S .' CO i U3 IN 2 Fi o d^^r. ; ; « |s- § oo : ^ »-ios CON § S : § d 1-1 r^ 8 Is* 3 ^g^^g "'SS § |S i T* dgCOCOt-- MrH s g£ 3 l-l -iH>0 rH ! -" S 0-< r § «T : : : :s : i i : i? i Hi ;!* d Offenses against property Arson Burglary Extortion Forgery and fraud . . . Larceny Malicious mischief ar to property Receiving stolen prop I Total defined offens Offenses not defined Grand total 348 The Immigration Commission. General Tables. 349 I 1 1 s * •& 1 J i 5 5 -joj •U3T9 •sajpui jsaAl 36 •uapaAig '.£l3AUO£I •puBia.ii •aoaaio •eqno SSS1 S w l r-l U3 r-l F- General Tables. 351 2- CO COC^ W ••__ CO O g -88 !l J • H ef »-i coco to aR- ZH 2"*1 2' UJ • • »0 i00 I tj -I" eC i:li ned il l|i|| 3 m 3 II 1 O 00 O 00 iCOSrHOl C« CO IM co w s s |l •qiBap oj paouajuas jaqtnnK r^ | I •o • ft TJ 1 | •pa^iodaj $o& eq S3 WrH ^^^S S|M^ ^|^"5 C^ CM COO rH O (N : - : i M oo c3 'SJB8A" 01 UBtn ssa[ ^nq SIBBA* g -*[|iO<£>rH r-)O CO U * ^H ; 5 * 3 •siBa^C 9 uBq^ SSQ\ ^nq JBaX | | OOCOCOOO UJCOCOt^rH OOOICO5 CO CO •*COO5CO -o 5 8 ^ •jea^ T treqi ssei !jnq sq^uora g TH||»OCO ! 000 CM O> 00 CM rHrH CO § a a ^KSSP* § ssss's as-s- «-«a i * i •JB9^ s co j,«.«a sg^ „<,„= i CO i g uBqi ssai I •^ rH CO I -^1 rHrHrHOrH i rH rH N 8 * I •pauosudun jaqran^i s gcISS^ SSrHgrH 3 2 rH 3 S s co" •papuadsns aoua; 0 05 aaa«a 32^- -«-a § * 8 •**™~* § co- SSSS| 2§%|rH C^rHSfe g r-T 1 § o V United States i i i : : : i : i ! i i i i Total foreign Not reported Grand total § : : : : : : : : : :-o2.§> Wj^ :£ : : : j-d j||| 354 The Immigration Commission. 1 II 1 5 Number ifie •J8AO put? OOO'lt '000' It japun puB oS2t japun pue osf •£]uo pacnj jaqumtf. •pauosud -ten ptre pang •(pap -qsiund iBn^OB) pano -su'dun jo pang jaqurnN oj paoua^uas •aouajnas ajji ssai ^nq sjBa^ OS •sjBa^J OS UBU3 ssai ^nq SJBB^ QT ssai ^nq STRUOOI g •STRUOUI 8891 •penosudan •papuadsns aoua^uas S SB83 "3 O C ,-ICOl^ COCOIVr^l COCJCO IBS' COjt-^OiQ (MO^-KNCO "'^ -i«^^ .9 * • l 5 w j I jj i^j j j ji i| U if General Tables. 355 TABLE 40. — Previous convictions of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908. [This table does not include 3 corporations and 323 persona not reporting complete data.] Country of birth. Total number reportng. Number reporting previous convictions. United States. 7,984 Austria-Hungary 466 Canada 128 China 14 Cuba 10 Denmark 15 England 180 France 44 Germany 542 Greece 39 Holland 11 Ireland.. 339 Italy 1,262 Norway 29 Poland 94 Roumania 19 Russia 707 Scotland 44 Sweden 36 Switzerland 27 Turkey 15 West Indies 47 Other foreign 154 Total foreign 4,222 Not reported 362 Grand total 12,568 2,445 1 4 41 10 148 4 3 63 135 3 2 135 9 7 748 ~99 ^292 356 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 41. — Previous convictions of persons convicted, by offense: New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908. [This table does not include 3 corporations and 326 persons not reporting complete data.] Offense. Total number reporting. Number reporting previous convictions. Offenses against chastity: Bigamy . . . 108 11 Crime against nature 35 12 Disorderly house 46 8 All other ... . 24 3 Total 213 34 Offenses against public policy: Oimps against pnhlin health and safp.t.y , . . .w..v. 304 27 Gaming ** 74 19 Perjury 34 g Various provisions of excise law. etc ... 498 64 All other 150 7 Total 1 060 123 Offenses against the person: Abandonment and other acts of cruelty to children 106 10 Abduction 62 16 Assault 1 283 262 Homicide. .. 182 39 Rape 187 39 Robbery . . 340 124 All other 39 5 Total... . 2 199 495 Offenses against property: Arson 34 7 Burglary 2.946 1 154 Extortion. . 70 forgery 301 86 Larceny .... 3 999 1 044 Malio.iows mischief 67 12 JR.enp.iviT>g ptolen property 465 133 8 Total 7,890 2 443 Total dp.finftd offend .fc....^........ ... , . a . 11,362 3,095 OfTenpfifl Tiot defined .... . . 1 206 197 Grfttid 358 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 43.— Persons convicted, by offense and by age group: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 81, 1908. [This table does not include 2 corporations and 118 persons not reporting complete data.] Nurr iber withii i each spec ifled age g roup. Total Offense. Under 14 years. 14 and 15 years. 16 to 20 years. 21 to 39 years. 40 years or over. report- ing. Offenses against chastity: Adultery 2 6 2 10 Bigamy 3 43 5 51 Crimes against nature 6 6 7 19 Disorderly houses obscene prints, etc 13 3 21 Incest 4 4 Seduction 2 5 7 Total 13 77 22 112 Offenses against public policy: Bribery 2 3 5 Compounding crimes 1 1 Conspiracy 2 1 3 Crimes against public health and safety 1 45 112 12 170 Crimes against public peace ...... .. 1 13 1 15 Escape " 5 2 7 Gaming ... 2 50 56 108 Lottery 1 1 Offenses against the public justice 1 1 Perjury 5 14 4 23 Unlawful practice of medicine 1 1 Various provisions of excise law etc 3 8 141 118 270 Total ... 4 61 342 198 605 Offenses against the person: Abandonment and other acts of cruelty 33 7 40 Abduction 11 14 4 29 1 4 5 Assault 3 149 457 99 708 1 1 Homicide 21 62 14 97 Kidnaping 2 4 2 8 Rape 27 58 24 109 Robbery 74 106 6 186 Suicide 1 4 5 10 Total 3 285 740 165 1,193 Offenses against property: Arson . . ................... — T_ ' — ' 1 ===== 6 15 2 24 Burglary 1 38 811 858 98 1,806 10 30 2 42 False personations and cheats 2 1 3 38 100 29 167 Fraud .. . ... 1 1 Larceny 1 9 657 1,115 172 1,954 Malicious mischief and injuries to 19 19 5 43 Recei nng stolen property 101 157 24 282 Total 2 48 1,642 2,297 333 4,322 Total denned offenses 2 55 2,001 3,456 718 6,232 Offenses not defined 2 53 271 '567 139 1,032 Grand total . . 4 108 2,272 4.023 857 7.264 General Tables. 359 TABLE 44. — Literacy of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December SI, 1908. [This table does not include 3 corporations and 351 persons not reporting complete data. Persons reported having attended school are included in columns 3 and 4.] Country of birth. Number con- victed. Number who read. Number who read and write. United States 8 004 7,806 7,684 Ati^trifl'-Hvingary 466 398 396 Canada 128 121 121 China 14 11 11 Cuba . . . 9 9 9 Denmark 15 15 15 England 182 178 177 France 43 41 41 Germany 550 530 527 Greece. ". 39 28 28 Holland 11 11 9 Ireland . . .... 338 329 328 Italy 1 263 807 789 Norway .. 30 29 28 Poland 95 75 73 Ronmania 19 15 15 Russia 714 539 532 Scotland 44 43 41 Sweden 35 33 33 Switzerland 30 30 30 Turkey 15 11 11 West Indies 47 43 43 Other foreign •. . 155 128 124 Total foreign . . . 4 242 3 424 3.381 Not reported . 297 261 258 Grand total 12 543 11,491 11 323 <* "Other foreign" includes 1 Africa, 1 Armenia, 6 Australia, 6 Belgium, 1 Brazil, 1 British Guiana.l Bul- garia, 4 Finland, 1 India, 1 Japan, 1 New Zealand, 4 Nova Scotia, 1 Philippine Islands. 6 Porto Rico, 1 Portugal, 4 Servia, 9 South America, 7 Spain, 1 Tripoli, 8 Wales, and 90 foreign (not specified). TABLE 45 . — Schooling of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908. [This table does not include 3 corporations.! Country of birth. Number con- victed. Number report- ing as to school- ing. Number report- ing no school- ing. Number reporting schooling indicated. Common or public. Academy or high. College. Other. Total. United States 8,120 2,468 198 2,135 84 28 23 2,270 Austria-Hungary 472 130 14 10 15 184 45 555 39 11 345 1,284 30 96 118 85 4 68 7 3 49 73 1 1 50 78 1 Canada 3 2 Cuba Denmark 3 36 6 174 15 3 64 618 5 79 3 28 4 149 4 3 51 159 4 59 3 32 4 154 4 3 55 162 4 59 England 4 2 20 11 4 Germany 3 2 Holland Ireland . 9 456 20 2 2 2 1 Italy Norway Poland... 360 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 45. — Schooling of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908 — Continued. Number Number report- Number report- Nun iber report ing school] ng indicat ed. Country of birth. con- victed. Ing as to school- ing. tog no school- ing. Common or public. Academy or high. College. Other. Total. Roumania 19 4 4 Russia 718 243 175 65 3 68- Scotland 44 12 1 g 2 11 Sweden 36 10 2 g g Switzerland . . 30 3 3 3 Turkey 15 5 4 1 1 West tidies . . .. 47 6 4 2 2 Other foreign <* 155 112 27 82 2 1 85 Total foreign 4,294 1,605 818 757 21 8 1 787 Not reported 480 281 36 229 8 7 1 245 Grand total 12,894 4,354 1,052 3,121 113 43 25 3,302 "Other foreign "includes 1 Africa. 1 Armenia, 6 Australia, 6 Belgium, 1 Brazil, 1 British Guiana, 1 Bul- a, 4 Finland, 1 India, 1 Japan. 1 New Zealand, 4 Nova Scotia, 1 Philippine Islands, 6 Porto Rico, 1 tugal, 4 Servia, 9 South America, 7 Spain, 1 Tripoli, 8 Wales, and 90 foreign (not specified). TABLE 46. — Literacy of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1907. [This table does not include 1 corporation and 146 persons not reporting complete data. Persons reporting having attended school are included in columns 3 and 4.] Country of birth. Number con- victed. Number who read. Number who read and write. United States 3,462 3,372 3,325 Austria-Hungary 183 163 161 Canada .... ... 52 49 49 70 68 68 France 19 18 18 228 223 220 Ireland 163 155 154 Italy . 518 336 334 Poland 38 30 28 Russia 303 235 234 18 18 16 22 22 22 Switzerland 14 14 14 West Indies 24 23 23 Other foreign <* 97 81 77 Total foreign 1,749 1,435 1,418 Not reported 155 137 134 Grand total 5,366 4,944 4,877 • "Other foreign" includes 1 Armenia, 3 Australia, 2 Belgium, 1 Brazil, 1 British Guiana, 4 China. 7 Denmark, 2 Finland, 10 Greece, 4 Holland, 1 India, 1 Japan, 8 Norway, 1 Nova Scotia, 1 Philippine Islands, 2 Seivia, 6 South America, 1 Spain, 1 Tripoli, 6 Turkey, 3 Wales and 32 foreign (not specified). General Tables. 361 TABLE 47 . — Schooling of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1907. [This table does not include 1 corporation.] Number. Number Number Nun iber report ing schooli ug indicate d. Country of birth. con- victed. as to schooling. no schooling. Common or public. Academy or high. College. Other. Total. United States 3,507 1,023 90 873 43 14 3 933 Austria-Hun '"irv 183 34 20 14 14 53 32 3 25 2 2 29 England 71 14 2 11 1 12 19 5 1 4 4 Germany 228 62 5 55 1 1 57 Ireland 164 33 8 23 1 1 25 Italv 522 234 182 50 1 1 52 Poland 38 30 8 22 22 304 92 68 24 24 Scotland 18 4 4 4 22 7 7 7 Switzerland 14 2 2 2 West Indies .... 24 2 1 1 1 Other foreign a 97 48 16 31 1 32 Total foreign 1,757 599 314 273 6 6 285 Not reported 2*8 140 18 112 5 4 1 122 Grand total 5,512 1,762 422 1,258 54 24 « 1,340 a "Other foreign" includes: 1 Armenia, 3 Australia, 2 Belgium, 1 Brazil, 1 British Guiana, 4 China, 7 Denmark, 2 Finland, 10 Greece, 4 Holland, 1 India, 1 Japan, 8 Norway, 1 Nova Scotia, 1 Philippine Islands, 2 Servia, 5 South America, 1 Spain, 1 Tripoli, 6 Turkey, 3 Wales, and 32 foreign (not specified). TABLE 48. — Literacy of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1908. [This table does not include 2 corporations and 205 persons not reporting complete data. Persons reporting having attended school are included hi columns 3 and 4.] Country of birth. Number con- victed. Number who read. Number who read and write. United States 4,542 4,434 4 359 Austria-Hungary 283 235 235 Canada 76 72 72 China 10 7 7 Cuba 9 9 9 England 112 110 109 France ... 24 23 23 Germany 322 307 307 Greece 29 20 20 Ireland 175 174 174 Italy 745 471 455 Norway 22 22 21 Poland . ... 57 45 45 Roumania 19 15 15 Russia 411 304 298 Scotland 26 25 25 Sweden 13 11 11 Switzerland 16 16 16 West Indies 38 20 20 Other foreign o 121 103 101 Total foreign 2 493 1 989 1 963 Not reported 142 124 124 Grand total.. 7 177 6 547 6 446 a "Other foreign" includes 1 Africa, 3 Australia, 4 Belgium, 1 Bulgaria, 8 Denmark, 2 Finland, 7 Holland, I New Zealand, 3 Nova Scotia, 6 Porto Rico, 1 Portugal, 2 Servia, 4 South America, 6 Spain, 9 Turkey in Asia, 5 Wales, and 58 foreign (not specified). 79340°— VOL 3&— 11 24 362 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 49. — Schooling of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York comity and supreme courts, January 1 to December SI, 1908. [This table does not include 2 corporations.] Country of birth. Number con- victed. Number reporting as to schooling. Number reporting no schooling. Number reporting schooling indicated. Common or public. Academy or high. College. Other. Total. United States 4,613 1,445 108 1,262 41 14 20 1,337 Austria-Hungary 289 77 10 10 113 26 327 29 181 762 22 58 19 414 26 14 16 23 121 84 53 4 48 4 3 35 48 1 1 36 49 1 Canada 1 China Cuba England 22 1 112 11 31 384 3 49 4 151 8 3 1 4 81 2 1 15 9 1 274 17 3 20 France Germany . . 94 2 28 109 3 37 2 1 97 2 30 110 3 37 Greece Ireland 1 1 1 Italy Norway. Poland 12 4 107 1 2 Roumania Russia 41 5 1 1 1 61 3 2 44 7 1 1 1 63 Scotland Sweden Switzerland . ... West Indies 3 18 Other foreign & 2 Total foreign Not reported 2,537 1,006 504 484 15 2 1 502 232 141 18 117 3 3 123 Grand total 7,382 2,592 630 1,863 59 19 21 1,962 a " Other foreign " includes 1 Africa, 3 Australia, 4 Belgium, 1 Bulgaria, 8 Denmark, 2 Finland, 7 Holland, 1 New Zealand, 3 Nova Scotia, 6 Porto Rico, 1 Portugal, 2 Servia, 4 South America, 6 Spain, 9 Turkey in Asia, 5 Wales, and 68 foreign (not specified). TABLE 50. — Literacy of persons convicted, by offense: New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908. [This table does not include 3 corporations and 351 persons not reporting complete data. Persons reported having attended school are included in columns 3 and 4.J Offense. Number con- victed. Number who read. Number who read and write. Offenses against chastity: Adultery 10 8 8 110 102 94 Crime against nature 34 29 29 44 40 40 Incest - • 7 7 7 Seduction 8 7 7 Total 213 193 185 Offenses against public policy: Bribery 6 5 5 2 1 1 Conspiracy 3 3 3 Crimes against public health and safetv 302 219 217 20 11 11 9 7 7 3 3 3 Gaming 175 169 166 1 1 1 Libel... 1 1 1 General Tables. 363 TABLE 50. — Literacy of persons convicted, by offense: New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908 — Continued. Offense. Number con- victed. Number who read. Number who read and write. Offenses against public policy— Continued. 2 1 1 Offenses against public justice 1 Perjury 33 31 31 Unlawful practice of medicine 1 1 1 Various provisions of excise law etc 457 407 402 Total 1,016 860 850 Offenses against the person: Abandonment and other acts of cruelty to children 107 99 99 Abduction 62 51 49 Abortion 6 3 3 Assault 1 307 1,042 1,021 Coercion . ... 1 1 Homicide . . 179 140 135 Kidnaping 12 9 9 Maiming 3 2 2 Rape 186 161 157 Robbery 335 302 302 Suicide 17 14 14 Total 2,214 1,824 1,792 Offenses against property: Arson 34 30 29 Burglary 2 941 2 816 2 766 Extortion 70 58 55 False personations and cheats 7 7 7 Forgery 298 295 292 Fraud 1 1 1 Larceny 3 976 3 763 3 715 Malicious mischief and injuries to property 67 60 57 Receiving stolen property 468 423 423 Total 7 8fi2 7 4VI 7 141 Total defined offenses 11 305 10 330 10 172 Offenses not defined 1 238 1 161 1 1C1 Grand total 12 "W^ H4Q1 noOQ TABLE 51.— Schooling of persons convicted, by offense: New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908. [This table does not include 3 corporations.] Offense. Number con- victed. Number report- ing as to schooling. Number report- ing no schooling. Number reporting schooling indicated. Common or public. Academy or high. College. Other. Total. Offenses against chas- tity: Adultery 12 111 35 49 8 8 9 35 17 33 3 3 2 8 5 4 1 7 25 12 27 3 2 7 27 12 29 3 2 Crime against na- ture 2 Disorderly house, obscene prints, etc Incest. Seduction 2 Total 223 100 i 20 76 4 80 364 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 51. — Schooling of persons convicted, by offense: New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908— Continued. Offense. Number con- victed. Number report- ing as to schooling. N umber report- ing no schooling. Number reporting schooling indicated. Common or public. Academy or high. College. Other. Total. Offenses against public policy: Bribery 6 2 3 310 23 9 3 177 1 1 2 1 35 1 580 2 1 1 1 1 1 Compounding crimes Conspiracy Crimes against pub- lic health and safety 107 19 7 83 9 2 24 10 4 24 10 5 Crimes against pub- lic peace Escape 1 False registration.. Gam ing 32 6 25 1 26 Importing foreign criminals Libel Lottery 2 1 19 1 330 1 1 2 1 1 Offenses against pub lie justice Perjury 16 1 1 17 1 280 Unlawful practice of medicine Various provisions of excise law, etc. . Total 50 271 1 1 1,154 521 156 352 10 2 1 365 Offenses against the per- son: Abandonment and other acts of cruelty to chil- dren 110 62 8 1,333 1 190 12 3 188 340 17 78 23 4 601 8 11 3 265 66 12 3 1 70 12 1 336 Abduction Abortion 1 Assault ... 331 5 Coercion Homicide .. . 73 5 2 113 145 7 30 3 1 24 33 3 33 2 1 85 110 4 1 34 2 1 112 4 Kidnaping Manning . .. Rape 3 1 ~"f 1 Robbery Suicide Total 2,264 1,051 390 644 13 2 2 661 Offenses against prop- erty: Arson 35 2,999 70 7 302 1 4,041 71 472 17 1,105 22 3 101 1 969 46 249 4 125 12 13 944 9 3 79 1 688 39 193 13 980 10 3 98 1 756 39 204 Burglary 25 1 5 6 Extortion False personations and cheats Fonterv 3 12 7 Fraud Larceny 213 7 45 36 21 11 Malicious mischief and injuries to property Receiving stolen property Total 8 3 7,998 2,513 409 1,969 82 36 17 2,104 Total defined of- fenses 11,639 1,255 4,185 169 97-6 77 3,041 80 109 4 40 3 20 5 3,210 92 Offenses not defined. . . Grand total 12, 894 4,354 1,052 8,121 113 43 25 3,302 General Tables. 365 TABLE 52. — Literacy of persons convicted, by offense: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December SI, 1907. [This table does not include 1 corporation and 146 persons not reporting complete data. Persons reporting having attended school are included in columns 3 and 4.] Offense. Number con- victed. Number who read. Number who read and write. Offenses against chastity: Bigamy 59 56 52 Crime against nature 15 12 12 Disorderl y house, obscene prints, etc 24 24 8 Incest 4 4 4 Seduction 1 1 1 Total 103 Q7 93 Offenses against public policy: Bribery . . ." 1 1 1 Compounding crimes 1 1 1 Crimes against public health and safet y 125 94 93 Crimes against public peace .. 5 5 5 Escape 2 2 2 False registration 3 3 3 Gaming 67 67 65 Importing foreign criminals 1 1 1 Lottery 1 Perjury ... . . 10 10 10 Various provisions of excise law, etc 195 177 172 Total 411 361 353 Offenses against the person: Abandonment and other acts of cruelty to children 67 61 61 Abduction 33 27 25 Abortion 2 2 2 Assault . 612 482 474 Homicide 85 67 67 Kidnaping 4 4 4 Maiming 3 2 2 Rape 78 66 64 Robbery 148 136 136 Suicide 7 7 7 Total 1 039 854 842 Offenses against property: Arson 11 g g Burglary 1 157 1 124 1.113 Extortion 25 20 20 False personations and cheats 4 4 4 Forgery 133 133 130 Larceny 2 057 1 952 1 926 Malicious mischief and injuries to property 24 19 17 Receiving stolen property 188 169 169 Total 3 599 3 430 3 387 Total defined offenses 5,152 4 742 4,675 Offenses not defined 214 202 202 Grand total 5 366 4 944 4,877 366 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 53. — Schooling of persons convicted, by offense: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1907. [This table does not include 1 corporation.] Offense. Number con- victed. Number report- ing as to schooling. Number report- ing no schooling. Number reporting schooling indicated. Common or public. Academy or high. College. Other. Total. Offenses against chas- tity: Bigamy 60 16 27 4 1 21 10 15 3 3 16 7 15 2 18 7 15 Crime against na- • ture Disorderly house, obscene prints, etc Seduction ..... 1 1 1 Total 108 47 6 39 2 41 Offenses against public policy: Bribery 1 1 125 8 2 3 68 1 1 11 249 • Compounding crimes . . Crimes against pub- lic health and safety 38 4 1 31 7 4 1 7 4 1 Crimes against pub- lic peace ........ Escape False registration... Gaming 6 5 1 6 Importing foreign criminals Lottery 1 6 154 1 Perjury 5 131 1 6 136 Various provisions of excise law, etc. Total 18 5 470 210 50 153 6 1 160 Offenses against the person: Abandonment and other acts of cru- elty to children... Abduction 68 33 3 622 89 4 3 79 149 7 44 15 1 254 36 6 6 36 9 2 38 9 1 124 18 Abortion 1 Assault ...... 130 18 122 17 2 1 Homicide Kidnaping Maiming 2 48 64 2 1 12 12 1 33 51 2 1 36 52 2 Rape 2 1 Robbery 1 Suicide Total 1,057 .,_ , -. ,.-..- . 11 1,185 25 4 134 2,079 27 190 466 185 271 • 4 335 1 2 39 297 7 79 7 2 1 281 4 347 2 2 46 329 7 85 Offenses against prop- erty: Arson 6 380 7 2 46 434 12 104 2 33 5 Burglary 9 1 1 2 Extortion False personations and cheats Forgery 5 17 2 14 Larceny 105 5 19 1 Malicious mischief and injuries to property Receiving stolen property 3 3 Total 3,655 991 169 764 35 20 3 822 Total defined of- fenses 5,290 222 1,714 48 410 12 1,227 31 50 4 23 1 4 1,304 36 Offenses not defined Grand total 5,512 1,762 I 422 1,258 54 24 4 1,340 General Tables. 367 TABLE 54. — Literacy of persons convicted, by offense: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December SI, 1908. [This table does not include 2 corporations and 205 persons not reporting complete data. Persons reporting having attended school are included in columns 3 and 4.] Offense. Number con- victed. Number who read. Number who read and write. Offenses against chastity: Adultery 10 g g Bigamy . 51 46 42 Crime against nature 19 17 17 Disorderly house obscene prints etc .. 20 16 16 Incest 3 3 3 Seduction .... . 7 6 6 Total 110 96 92 Offenses against public policy: Bribery 5 4 4 Compounding crimes 1 Conspiracy 3 3 3 Crimes against public health and safety ... 177 125 124 Crimes against public peace 15 6 6 Escape ... 7 5 5 Gaming. .. 108 102 101 Libel 1 1 1 Lottery 1 1 1 Offenses against public justice . . 1 Perjury. . . 23 21 21 Unlawful practice of medicine 1 1 1 Various provisions of excise law etc 262 230 230 Total . . 605 499 497 Offenses against the person: Abandonment and other acts of cruelty to children. .. 40 3,8 38 Abduction... 29 24 24 Abortion 4 1 1 Assault 695 560 547 Coercion 1 1 Homicide 94 73 68 Kidnaping g 5 5 Rape 107 95 93 Robbery 187 166 166 Suicide 10 7 7 Total 1 175 970 950 Offenses against property: Arson 23 21 21 Burglary 1 784 1 692 1 653 Extortion 45 38 35 False personations and cheats ... . 3 3 3 Forgery 165 162 162 Fraud 1 1 1 Larceny 1 919 1 811 1,789 Malicious mischief and injuries to property 43 41 40 Receiving stolen property 280 254 254 Total 4,263 4,023 3,958 Total defined offenses 6,153 5 588 5,497 Offenses not defined *, . 1 024 959 949 Grand total 7 177 6 547 6 446 368 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 55. — Schooling of persons convicted, by offense: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1908. [This table does not include 2 corporations.] Offense. Number con- victed. Number reporting as to school- ing. Number reporting no school- ing. Number reporting schooling indicated. Common or public. Academy or high. College. Other. Total. Offenses against chas- tity: Adultery 12 51 19 22 4 7 9 14 7 18 3 2 2 5 2 4 7 9 5 12 3 1 7 9 6 14 3 1 Bigamy Crime against na- ture.. Disorderly house, obscene prints, etc 2 Incest Seduction 1 Total 115 53 14 37 2 39 Offenses against public policy: Bribery 5 1 3 185 15 7 109 1 1 1 24 1 331 2 1 1 1 1 1 Compound ing crirnps Conspiracy Crimes against pub- lic health and safety 69 15 6 26 62 9 2 6 17 6 3 20 17 6 4 20 Crimes against pub- lic peace .. Escape 1 Gaming Libel .. Lottery 1 1 13 1 176 1 2 1 1 Offenses against public justice Perjury 11 11 1 144 Unlawful practice of medicine . 1 2 Various provisions of excise law, etc. . Total 32 140 1 1 684 311 106 199 4 1 1 205 Offenses against the person: Abandonment and other acts of cru- elty to children . . Abduction 42 29 5 711 1 101 8 109 191 10 34 8 3 347 2 5 3 135 30 3 1 1 32 3 Abortion. Assault 209 3 212 Coercion Homicide 37 5 65 81 5 21 3 12 21 3 16 2 62 59 2 16 2 53 60 2 Kidnaping . Rape 1 1 Robbery Suicide Total 1,207 585 205 873 6 1 380 Offenses against prop- erty: Arson 24 1,814 45 3 168 1 1,962 44 11 725 15 1 55 1 635 34 2 92 7 9 609 8 1 40 1 391 32 9 633 8 52 427 32 Burglary 16 4 4 Extortion False personations and cheats Forgery • 3 7 5 Fraud Larceny 108 2 19 7 10 Malicious mischief and injuries to property... General Tables. 369 TABLE 55. — Schooling of persons convicted, by offense: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1908 — Continued. Offense. Number con- victed. Number reporting as to school- ing. Number reporting no school- ing. Number reporting schooling indicated. Common or public. Academy or high. College. Other. Total Offenses against prop- erty — Continued . Receiving stolen 282 145 26 114 5 119 Total 4,343 1,522 240 1,205 47 16 14 1,282 Total denned offenses 6. 349 1,033 2,471 121 565 65 1,814 49 59 17 2 16 5 1,906 56 Offenses not defined Grand total 7,382 2,592 630 1,863 59 19 21 1,962 TABLE 56. — Conjugal condition of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908. [This table does not include 3 corporations and 199 persons not reporting complete data.) Country of birth. Single. Married. Widowed. Divorced. Total. United States . . . 5,796 2,271 25 1 8,093 Austria-Hungary 329 142 471 Canada 78 52 130 China g 6 14 Cuba 5 5 10 7 g 15 England 112 69 3 184 France 30 15 45 Germany 350 199 4 553 Greece 30 9 39 Holland 6 5 11 Ireland 221 118 5 344 Italy 815 467 1,282 Norway 21 g i 30 Poland 65 30 1 96 Roumania 13 6 19 Russia 511 206 1 718 Scotland 27 16 1 44 Sweden 21 14 1 36 Switzerland 20 8 2 30 Turkey 10 5 15 West Indies 34 13 47 Other foreign <* 97 57 1 155 Total foreign . . 2,810 1,458 20 4,288 Not reported 181 129 4 314 Grand total 8,787 3,858 49 1 12,695 a "Other foreign" includes 1 Africa, 1 Armenia, 6 Australia, 6 Belgium, 1 British Guiana, 1 Brazil, 1 Bulgaria, 4 Finland, 1 India, 1 Japan, 1 New Zealand, 4 Nova Scotia, 1 Philippine Islands, 6 Porto Rico, 1 Portugal, 4 Servia, 9 South America, 7 Spain, 1 Tripoli, 8 Wales, and 90 foreign (not specified). 370 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 57. — Conjugal condition of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1907. [This table does not include 1 corporation and 98 persons not reporting complete data.] Country of birth. Single. Married. Widowed. Divorced. Total. United States 2 487 992 14 1 3 494 Austria-Hungary 123 60 183 Canada ..... " " 32 21 53 England 43 27 1 71 France 15 4 19 Germany 137 88 2 227 Ireland . 109 52 3 164 Italy ... 322 200 522 Poland 28 g \ 38 Russia 212 91 1 304 Scotland 10 7 1 18 Sweden 8 13 1 22 Switzerland .... 10 4 14 West Indies 18 6 24 Other foreign a . 62 35 97 Total foreign 1 129 617 10 1 756 Not reported . . . 99 62 3 164 .......... Grand total 3,715 1,671 27 1 5 414 a " Other foreign " includes 1 Armenia, 3 Australia, 2 Belgium, 1 Brazil, 1 British Guiana, 4 China, 7 Denmark, 2 Finland, 10 Greece, 4 Holland, 1 India, 1 Japan, 8 Norway, 1 Nova Scotia, 1 Philippine Islands, 2 Servia, 5 South America, 1 Spain, 1 Tripoli, 6 Turkey, 3 Wales, and 32 foreign (not specified). TABLE 58. — Conjugal condition of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1908. [This table does not include 2 corporations and 101 persons not reporting complete data.] Country of birth. Single. Married. Widowed. Divorced . Total. United States 3,309 1,279 11 4 599 Austria-Hungarv 206 82 288 Canada 46 31 77 China 5 5 10 Cuba ... 5 5 10 England 69 42 2 113 France 15 11 26 Germany . 213 111 2 326 Greece 23 6 29 Ireland . ... 112 66 2 180 Italv 493 267 760 Norway 15 6 1 22 Poland 37 21 58 Roumania •13 6 19 Russia . . 299 115 414 Scotland 17 9 26 Sweden 13 1 14 Switzerland 10 4 2 16 West Indies 16 7 23 Other foreign * ... 74 46 1 121 Total foreign 1 681 841 10 2 532 Not reported 82 67 1 150 5,072 2,187 22 7 281 a "Other foreign" includes 1 Africa, 3 Australia, 4 land, 1 New Zealand, 3 Nova Scotia, 6 Porto Rico, 1 key, 5 Wales, and 58 foreign (not specified). um, 1 Bulgaria, 8 Denmark, 2 Finland, 7 Hol- 1, 2 Servia, 4 South America, 6 Spain, 9 Tur- General Tables. 371 '8113UI8J •9IBUI9J •91BUI9J •91BUI8.I OOrHMO —~ — ^1 25 Abandonment and other act of Abandonment Abandonment Abando Endang ent of child ent of child ring life of chi o Q P .£3 ^+»«-+j -W+J-.MQ, 13s 3' :^-<^ 372 The Immigration Commission. 'TOO,! '9IBUI9J •9I13UI8J Austria- vuigary 8- O W CO rH ^ I 111* _. ••• d o m eti pe sifsi _ ai 333*1 i ird (se ird (m ird, an ird, a t |f|tf»Sf<& ^ 'g)^gtf»ge PDPQPQCQ General Tables. 373 to 1 " ^ II : 'II n- • II : : : || II : : : • 1! : : : II : : : II : : II [ II : ' 1 : H ; 0 II '• ': to 1 - -II ill II : : 1! : - 9 -1 - fc] ill " "1 || .-H OCr j II - -J i II i I ** V i-l og§ ® -08 % 8 2^ So 2-^° &S Ira "g 3 *!! s rl e iii * m ^ r§ a .2 !pjj 1 lllll o^PQW^ M I o> 'a lit ^.§& 5K Sil SSS c 3P.-C c I.?I 1 1 If 3 11 e Hi *•! orgery: Advertisulg counterfeit money Attempted forgery, second Attempted forgery, third Forgery 374 The Immigration Commission. •918019^ •9IBUI9J •9IBUI9.J ?5S Si:^^1^ ^ Si2^ ^'TJ'O o o o gSU^s I 211111 4*4a K K C :> •aiBR 'I^ox !r-l '• '•<*>'•&'• CO 00 1 Mr ^ CO II : 2 'O § •siBUia.! •8[BH •[BJOX '.r* '.'.'. IcO id i I CO 00 I ! ! | ^ I MM -! : : : : : : CO II : II i 1 >> p 03 S •aiBW 'I^OJ, • 8P3TH9 J : : : : : ::::::! •*00 II : : : : : : 1 MM j- il II MM 0 1 MM [P II "! I 1 •aiBjV : i : : : : : i ; ; 1 8 A S •moj, •8IBOWJ tUU ;; LU MM; M !M MM :i;| « H e TJ •afBH •MOX •aiBuraj LLLU M M; : : : : : : : ^ : : -H : 1 ittl HI S5 79340°— VOL 36—11 25 378 The Immigration Commission. OOC«^ Si $' ftj II •9VBUT9JI; •9IBW •9IBUI9.I <0 -^ . b- : : :S :S : : S child children 00,2 T3 +J -4^ -^ ^ g a a a b/j Ilill H fl fl C S "^^-§^ - a don ban ban o :|-g -o;oo 113-1 III . d Ab Ab Ab I -"S' H SI General Tables. 379 8- "\ 0 S1"1 1-4 CO 1C O g coco CO • i-H i • i J2 s- UJ ffl LU ,-1 CO "30 yjjj ;;; ; jj-jj :» : : 1 coco CO ji-H COi^ »Hi-l 8 " s -1 2 - o ;. ffl 1 iiiii iiiii iiiii iiiii : : : yj ^ : : 1 "- i! [i t^ ii :: iiiii iiiii ',n i i LH o : : j. j • & : : : : i-l • 50 • • ^. : : CQ i '" 1 c« :: u 1 iiiii iiii ••• :: ::: : ::;: CQ fl » « : : : : : MU3 : : 1 :- i ^ : : i- : S : : "" « CO eo : : : : : «>o : : ~^— Bf- j:: .^ . US : : e<» 1 * iiiii ;;iii- 1i 3 iii i 1 § :•§ •i ... . • 0 >> O convictior ; 1 I*** it^t>;g 3§g§ j i^ l-ili P o OT : i CO C8 (1 £3 abduction and rape, se • *o • 1 *§ S ** -^ III S |§l|| § -o-o-o 1 *•»»»• 1 third (2 indictments) fliiV/l on/4 ,rr.,nH lorn ill; 3T3-O g tllf 3-O-O S iS§s^ llll] 3555* third (second offense third (misdemeanor) third, and petit larce third, and petit larcen nni nf T»Atit larr»Anv thkd, and petit lar third, and receiving st I burglar's instrument y entering building. . j crimes nature •O _d d "ta 2 o ^ 1 'p.ftP,^'^ rt^eSSeS c5 ' K§ § i "EfcTo 'Sc'So'Hi'bi'Si 'Sb.J -.2.2 c ^ W)M^ rll 1-STrw I 1 IIIII > b'*b.S"3 : o3SJ3 Sfe fU$i5 all •ssa 1 4-» , and 32 fo ri li, 6 , A niiia, Islands, 2 Servi foreign a, 1 Phi a No Briber Bu o s o 3 o a CQ CQCL,t> 380 The Immigration Commission. G Oi •9IBUI9J pe pe us lag! ..|S i iflll $2-3 H --gS^x^ » .0 2 ^ rc-r tr^f- C3 C^ £ - -2 (5 !r w * j— • ii > t- II "1 c IfH r- 4 ; j- II ! i— t ~ i - § ?r g 1 is cs e= r- » c^ T"' COCO -s e< ^ 1 'S ' fH i ^ g i C^ ) II 1 1 c T— CO c • 1 1 II II CV f- « i c~ I o i 1 4 II J r : : ; I 1 II u' > 0 1 c -ij < I .> £ "c ^ •> J 1 | > 1 S T3 C g fe i Foreerv. second (second offense)... | b si 1 Gaming: Bookmakintr I c 1 §•' 1 I 1 •s _c £ Keeping slot machine. . . Possessing policy slip, etc * Importing foreign convicts Kidnaping > •c 5 p rf 8 •c 1 P. ^ n I I 0 Grand larceny, first Grand larceny, first (3 indictments) 382 The Immigration Commission. H. 0 ! j | } 5 I •i 3> ! 3 1 f i I I : I i 2 i »> j i i II ?§ B > ^ i > ! tt \ I > j 1 1 s» [ > j 4 i i < 4 1 i o •moo, ""I "" *" -"" Cg || COOOrHrH OrHW 1 COgCCC. S •9IBUI9J g 1 ! i • S 1 3 : : i_j j j n j •aiBK «- CO rH rH -f rH r- °"^ B r~" ^rHCO CCSCOC, K II •mox $ — i •H re a-- co - ;«- ; * •9IBU19J ! I ! ; ! ill iijj •eroi S — j - O || rHrH rH CO rH II ' * * i i ™ 1-1 00 . . rH . 83 :: : 1-1 : I § a-| - IM ** •9IBUI8J 10 I I I I C CO Oi 2 : || [J II . . •»™ -< CO ; ; rH . eo 1-1 : 1 1 s- (N ** If •TOOi ; rH '• '• '• '• *O CO ill II ^ '. '. ', , •8IOTrai (N CO 1 L CO : CO Hr ; ^ i! S Ol o en j : 1 II n reden. Switzerland. ™ CD - - HI 1! 1 '91BUI9JJ ; 10 : : : : ^ : CO : rH | • II OQ i ! 00 * - ill - "II _i _ & 'I^?o\L s a S : r 01 c. • i • . > '9JB1II9JI § " 8 * g«d Total Larceny, petit: Petit larceny Petit larceny (second c Petit larceny and granc Petit larceny, second. Total Trotter v Maiming Malicious mischiefs and hi Injuring highway Injury to railroad tract Malicious injury and d Malicious mischief Total Iff 11 goooo o ooo oo General Tables. 383 OS CO^i-IOOCO i-H CO C^ rH rH l-l 0500-1 ;>;bK! - cxiaiaft all || | j|fc a ja, IB. £,• £-' a s Illli all&ag llHIIIIll: iS ^^«« ' ;PJ PS S-S-^^S-^ H'^.2 384 The Immigration Commission. £ •moo, Ico •*< t~ CO » CO .-1 rl O^HTfOl^H CO t>* i— 1 I-H f. r < CO Ic •§ 1 •ensure^ •-id CO l-< . UJr-t . t~- ig 2 o •ereK i-i «p« •* CO»CCOi-li-H UOO^OJi-H co to »-^ »^ Z r 1 irT J>T5 •l^oj, 1- rH ^CO «^CO ; I S h 5 • • Cm 51 •erBUTOJ : I ^ : -1 : : : : tN *n •8I*K ^ * coco •* t- eo • • i-l CO rH • < S F g 'WOvL «•<< O te ii i II : : : : : : : : : : 02 '^K ii • »::::: ^ : : : : _ I l^ it : : : : : : : : : j •d •Woj, 1 : ;;;;; ;;;ii 00 1 •8IBUI8.I ffljj iiiii w 85 •8IBK II •• UrH I 1 ;;;;;::;;: s * 'l^OJ, : : : : : : : : : : i •siBtoaj i y 1-1 CO "8I^K ^H : t-l 0$ • * s II • . * . « s £ : : : : : : : : : : >s Offense. s a 3 fc 1 J Suicide: Attempted suicide Suicide j Violations of various provisions of liquc excise law, etc.: Election law Excise law Labor law Liquor law Liquor law (second offense) Liquor-tax law Liquor, selling on Sunday Liquor, selling without license Liquor, selling without paying tax. . . Motor law, section 538 1 i i "o K Grand total General Tables. 385 * *b i3^ THTT" •ajBuiaji •91t3maj •9IBK •9JBUI9J "•II cot- ^Hs <:;:-; 3 : I : >> ; ; : . 2 : S ! gggg -ass Sggg _ l-o-o-o II llll 2 III g^^< ^^-< rtion: Abortion Attempt t-rss. i| •<2J :S :«w 22§ 03^3 S — ' *r4j"^j H llll 386 The Immigration Commission. •9P3UI9J | •8I13UI9J f •9[BUI9J | •eremaj .Lll •9IBK I Austria- Hungary •91BUI95 | •aim TJ,® >> llll 3 iiil g-S 5'2'S'S ^5 -*S ^3 " i? :8 § ^g'S'S 1155 b^bb be W) M bO aw ssss- Hb &llllg ss- Wffl || ill ,^! i'Sb'Sb'i ' SSl i D 3 : PQPQP General Tables. 387 388 The Immigration Commission. S; I! •3IgK ' •9TT3UT9jI | "i t^ «-H 1-H r- T-H ing II Bt Is 2 8 1f3g _ ft ft g -_j3 M-<«« ia y, second y, third.. 2 indic "OTJ 1I«!!S SI1.1.1.3. ftp,i>>>-,l>»^» - S S G) ® O 0^ -2 b)L_S .S ^ ^ ^ ^ ® *ri P*» £*32S o o o o ^ a I g^^^^NpE* -I i General Tables. 389 ii : II : : 1 ; : II : : 1 : II : : : : : : : : il : : : : : : : : : || .;!!::; :.:::"{{ — •- : : II : : * i! : : : : : : : : - Jj * *| a ii 1C • | | CO -ill ^ 1 « ^ SS| 2 a 1 : : : : : : : 1 ::,! :: II : : : : : : : : II : : :- : : : : - — s* 55 : n co CO 11 : : : : :« : il! i : : II : 05 : II : Ii i i ! i ! i i i II : : : : : : : : II •: : : : : : : : 1! II H II : ii a : II : : : : : : II II CN i iiii |p 2° :rt 5P *1 2 2 — .; ; ; : ; : : II : II : : : : : : : : -if— j --cT Hr- — TH ii II ! ll : : : : II : ii II : : II i" II ' ' iw ; : : II - • H i 5511 °° II •* ii "-» 2S l " ii I! II E « - : : : II : : : : : : : : : : II ll II : :-« 2 • H II : : : \ : ; : : : II : : : : : : II : : : : : 1 : II : : : : : • H ^ : : : " II : 2 : : : §3 II w 1 1! :::::: : Ml II : : : : gTJ ~ II S3 i ^ --a II il ! ill | : ; : | COO B 53 2 15 II : : : : II ; ; ; ; '. II fCS oo S 1-1 K i ; | ll ^ 9 & -< 1-1 a f" «5 -§-• ss •^ a» P* 8 8" s . -eo " «-l • CO • 1 joeo 5 « 2 2 •* so cs 00 0>® " *f* Cl| 5 II 2- s 1 i 9 Gaming: RnnVmalrintr \ '! f Z c = £ 1 E ci I E Gambling house, keeping of Gaming house, keeping of Possessing policy slips, etc Kidnaping: At.tAmr>t«d kirlnanin? j " si .5 L, p. § •a 3 Larceny: Attempted larceny, second Bringing stolen property into the State Oriminallv rflnfiivirip stolon nronp.rt.v 1 1 -C Larceny, first, after felony Ijarnftnv sftf«r>nd Larceny, second, after felony Larceny, third 4 i j | || 0^ nd larceny, second . . . first first (second offense) first and second first, and receiving stolen goods second (second offense) sfirrmrl and aidinp fisnanft second, and injury to highway 5 Larceny, petit: Petit larceny Petit larceny (second offense) Total.... ^ooo ooooo 390 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 60. — Persons convicted, by detailed offense and by sex and country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1908— Continued. 1 i* •Woo, : : 1! : : : II : : :" || : : : : ll : : : II : : : : : JH •1-WL : : II : : '«! « xs| —a : II : : R| - : II : : : : : "1 i f '8IBUI8J : II : : H : : :TO || ;_j~ ^11 : : : ll : : : •9PH ~ i : c5 s S :^ : o OJ t^"S ^>» 3 ^ s ' b 8 q _2 ,_, » Ip" Ilii 1 II ll Assault, first, and assai Assault, second Assault, second (seconc Assault, second after fe Assault, second (felony Assault, third . Assault, third (misdem Attempted assault, firs Attempted assault, secc Attempted assault, thii 1 empted suicide amy: Bigamy Consort to bigamy } ja 5 1 C-> '5 "o ,> 1 •c p 1 1 > 1 J .«aa If i| 1 If |S >>>>>>> Q^'T^ ^T S^ ^d~ j'S'Sc'bD ^•bo!°3 ^'^'S'H "a &* HI illfi 11 II| g |SS |||-| ||||= ?2 < o Sou 79340° —VOL 36—11 26 394 The Immigration Commission. General Tables. 395 i — ~ l^H CO 'i MCO *| S — 8 i-HCO t* II 00 OG JO— ICO T- «s| s^^s g is] = ir n CO ill r : i : "1 y : ill : :"°° :" s : : II : : : : II ! LU o g NCO II : 5 I OOi- II " • -— ; hi 0 :|| : : ^J4^ - 1 II : II • ^3 3 r i II 1 : II : : hi ji — ^ il i i ; II i o 1 * * r (M .^.jH^e 8|~ c,, „ a , 8 11 II ! II "1 ii i ! ! ! a II : : II : : II : li : II ! — II II II II II : : : : : II : : : : : II : : : : : H ii II : : II : : ••-i || • • co -co i II i : i : : II :::::: ! i II i i i i i ! 1 : : II ::::::!: • • • ; II 1! II II II II II II ' j II II || II i — r^^ 1 : II : : 1! : : II : : II • > • : II : i i i i i : II :::::: : II :::::: : II :::::: >~l ; i-H • rH ; t- ;-, 0 *"* : II : II : H F II : : II : : II : : • II - : t^ I.-H c Obstructing health officer in discharge of his duty. .... .... Niiisanrp ii 1 Jf il : '1 : II : li H II ritable purposes r Forgery: Attempted forgery, second Attempted forgery, third Forgery, first . . . Forgery, second 1 i Forgery, second (2 indictments) Forgery, third Total 1 i Selling impure milk Unlawful sale of cocaine. . Total... Crimes against public peace: Discharging firearms Riot.. .. 1 Disorderly houses, obscene prl Disorderly house 1 > 'S- ^ 1 Keeping house of ill fame. Possessing obscene prints . Total Escape: Aiding prisoners to escape Escaping from prison Total Extortion: Attempted blackmail Attempted extortion Blackmail . . . Blackmail (4 indictments) Extortion Total False personations and cheats: Obtaining property for cha Secreting personal property Total Felon v 396 The Immigration Commission 1-H *9 fe i wi - ii ss0105;^ r ^^ oo II ~^ ^ CO -0 3 II :::::« COi-H ; ; || i1-* ;-* ;•* ; ; «O 1 •o c ajBuiaj I yjjj • • I : : : : f3 O o -TO 5S .8 2 I! II m I 2 1-1 Sri ii •TOox II 1 u II ' ' II ;;"! T II | 2 <3J'BU191J II p Ljj 1 : : II : : : : : : : • jS ^ 2 •9WI r jjj " ; ; rn " '™ -* 00^ t? •JB^OJ, " co j«' ?3^ ; 1 ^ *c3 II ' ' • *H • • ^H . t cs I aiBinaj ; ; 1 d ll '3JBUI9J II : : :^ - II : : : : : : : : II II II LS §1 •9JBUI3J ; ; ; I J I J II ii 02.2 •ejBR II : 1! l5 ••O il •aiBiua.j II : : : : II : : : : II : II : : |i : : : : : : : II 3 c^ § o'o •jcjox II :::::: II : : : : II :: II : ii ; ; : ; r^ ; r - II II ii «o B l-aiBH II .... ; II : : : : :- : : - II § 3 •§ | 1 1 ^ * "s & E s oi i D ,....• :::::: '.'.'.• 02-^ : : : '. •g ! 0) 8 ft, \ O to 3 3 5 o \ t § 1 r Si s : 5^ ^ » . | 3 H I q a q < H a a 2 o m c^ 10 r S|« -w-^-U "11 -.urn.* : : : : : :::::: iFI iM • w ! II : : : : : : : : : : •wi o, * g rH a g* fW| g — £ 25 • • >>> 400 The Immigration Commission. H -S- b, ^ o II ^ TOO? piraio S- 3 Si •uSiaio; lai^o oo co ^* p 6*w t>- W t^ (N (N r-l >0 r~ — p __ , co" wco f2 II S S S o co ( t~ "5C^I CO < .CJOi^CO *!§!* > O> 1C t^ >O 5 S^c^ t^ to to ^Ht^(M O> CO N«N III "3 ! t ^^ : i §•£>«; >s-s s lifii „ _ _ ^ „ ^ . _ P OJ Tl ?? C? g I e o General Tables, 401 •ns lO CO lO OOCO IFIPTI 311 od ISfffc! STSTs o* || to sjs o ro 5 t^ ^5 i! ts-° i y, n y f p r I d d as me ot § A B C A ; ts • : 8 -Si : ifli ill! 402 The Immigration Commission. I : .t a •§ * *ts & •SSTAig •qojoog •ireissnH •219910 •ireuiJ9{) 'WFUA. is si sss 1 «5SS 82 " 53 s§ gl s SIS §§ S °°§ IS 1 00 °°- 3 -1- si §|| OO COC^O OOO «1 88 -M 23 lOll O^1 00 rH i bn •* > ^ §|W*.N«.OO la || 2~ ~8 SB a ^.o 5 >O CO CM Tp ^H O H ^C^^ Suijjodaa jou ve-born of foreign father ountry of birth of father •u3iajoj jaqio jo s CM CO CO ^H^H 1C • g §3 <£> CO O £- • .^lO CO • • i—l eo o »-H O eo o e<» CNI r>- o R :•: :SS s ^H 00 CO 00 .2 >>>>£> - ft+iV3 I 1111 i iHIII H § General Tables. 405 '§335 III s a * S CO CO \\t~ 10 eo O3 9|5I1 •I- fi W i- 'X a 2 & 406 The Immigration Commission. 1 ON S. include OF OFF ble does a S 3 g H H !1 s III Fore ) 1O t^iC^O O •U3I8JOJ J9I^O her, by ather. O fg o-° 3 •PUBJ9JI r- 0 1-1 CC 0 Ci 9- •*-i d CO >«- :««o> 5 go< O^Tf T-l CO CC O •PU13I9JI 'N CO CO "3 t» 1- CO "gNWOOJOjH O r- t^ O >O ^H C-J rH CM C g S •COOS C 00 CO i-H § : : "& \ i S : : ^3 ! '. S : : &£§ - fill ili! illllll Sfl c-s> General Tables. 407 *$"=§§ t-» o §l!i Ml ' rt O "5 i I rc O ^ II g 3»S °Srt^gS :f •8 ••o :S a : es pr frau and rece s mischie |:S5b^§ -a 1 ^§«s&s:§ I 2 «£=^SS« H O c^PQKP^S § 408 The Immigration Commission. TABLE 65 .—Commitments to jails and houses of correction, by offense and by general nativity and country of birth: Massachusetts, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909. rop-e 3*1 ~ M ^w" 'Ha>S~ c^" •V CD (N -* 2 ^S •pajjodaa ;OM ; ; ; : i : : 1 2 W0X S?£Si CO 1 OO ^ W ^O O lCl^» __£__! 0 i ^ •uSiajoj Jaq^o 00 M OO §5 1 '"SS^^SiS ill s- M;H CD I i— < O •uapa,tt.g iH • CO *1 is ""s^ ill -~ CN a| > •PUBUOOS i-H t-H •«»< CO rH>O 1-HCO1OO5 II CO si E ^ CO || • • •Btssnn COt~ CO coll 05 0 50 tN •* 0 00 II C^i ^ i S* CO II « S| |w •PUBIOJ ^« Coll CCCOrH JCCOJOS u -°° : «|| I10 •^ffll CN *O iO g| sgco^cocog fefl S^M^ O T»I CO || -ti - : "II I •puB|2u3 .0000 CO 1 CC »^ O5 • 1C 00 (M TJ< r-H • T»«M II , i i a- ^5: S i- .,pOTB3 *** s gg_— SB ll II S ^5? t^ CN •^jBSung-BiJ^sny rw co II co -a«eoina> II ^2 co|| t^co^ 2 II M^ •CM s|| "^> «*~B*IW. •*t^ JH co| coo § Oi^1000??^ (N 1 tO i— i gj .s- •aaqiBj jo aoBidqiiiq 8ni^jodaj qiou uaoq-aAiJB^i • . CO CO | • -^ • 'i-H CO5N II LJJ «| i i — : 11 H Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father •TOox S8J l| 8|»*ssg •^ oco -^ 228 5 Mi •uSiaaoj aaq^o • oo ^ C^ CNCNCslOlt^O51^t1 1-H 1-H O CO ll 8- coco ,i > •puBpoos I-H I-H IO ^ || t^OS • • -'C005 g CO- -*« a || i- •puB^ (N CO 05 (M r-( »O S|| 2|S2^g i r^ -8 I "S •XuBinaao ^H^H "1 "Srt" :82 sLU c,*. 6 1 i" *puB|2u2 COCO »|| 2g™'"SG il " ! 1-H CO S | \a •BpBnB^ -a 9| 8S«-S8 II "*ft "\ ;2 •jaqj -BJ aAT^Bn jo uJoq-aAiiBf>j s*3 S| Sgaaagg tO .f. -S»>^ si if i lllfiin i Iffls 3-, ft fc2 •Il!lillii||p_ i=i>° g |lillgi| § i g«!«^ gQSOOoj>>bS -, - -Td >> 'g 33|| | SPglgll iiio H nisii ^s o o tal defined off not defined and total To ses Gr General Tables. 411 412 The Immigration Commission. TOP««0 OCO t^ iO a 1C R^ g «s*a s 1! 1 I •WOX CO O i-H 2 0 IQ O CM CO cS OCN O4 ^; s •n3|Mo,wqjo - * -I- e, ; CM || IQ 1! 'U8p9Mg ^ nl ii II IE 'pUBHOOg - £j 1 : :- -Ih "Bissn^j 1 i * "* 1 o : c. CO •IBSn^oj I - •uioq-aAijBu [B^OX 10 ^^ CO ^ CM CO OJt 8 " -5-8 •J910BJ 1-1 1-1 ^ ** C< CM "* CO Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father. VWL CO rHTf oo * cs co COr-l •«*< 00 OOr-10 * Is •u3l9JOJJ9mO - -II -- -II- •pnBDOos 1 i-i i 1" •^1 HI I « CO J it* •puBpax °* j :-* co " F-l 00 00 || 00 o » S II ^nBOU90 r< * | ii CM - co|^ •pnBiSug ^ 3 : || 1 - h :|| •BPBUBO ' J ^ J CO ** O I|S 9AI1BU JO UJOq-9Ai;BJS[ " CO ^ o c^ C O5 CV eU" 00 " ' Offenses against chastity: AHnlfprv Total defined offenses ; ii ng stolen property. . S : c o K, M a Abuse of female chi Crime against natur Polygamy.. . 3 o Offenses against public Escape from prison Perjury ~ Offenses asrainst the per Assault, simple TTfirnipidp 2 CI PC & ~ »-O 0 CS 1 Offenses against proper Arson Breaking and enteri Foreerv Larceny and receivi Total General Tables. 413 •S9IBAV Biajsnv > T-< C* I 1 jj z 5 IB 1 1411 J Hull s = gkg -p '€9 •2 ^.2C^^§ t- S^^o Hgi 5 gQQW>6 g^^ §» Ira IS? General Tables, 415 10 n co 3 S 8 $ g B£; «t» O Ttl 0510 co« 0 S S 1* a 416 The Immigration Commission. 1908 enumeration. ™ 8,sg 3 -«, Hj. co" a co" 0 •sacKUjaq^o lOCM CN 00 J5 CO CO l>" OO CO iO CD S "S2S5E3S3- ill " •^AOIS •^ IM IM Tt< 2 00 CO *-* CO C^ O CO Sl! gooco^ 3 II " •qo^oog CO CO OJ || 003 „-«„ = 11 2 '.z^s* CO I «-H ' UBI ABUIpUBOg ~ 2 =1 szs ^-g?^ ill Sl °* CO £3 2 °° g * 'UBTSSn'JJ : * « 00 CO O CM CO CM CO 9} O5 C^ CO 1C CO i-H 9 - •™ *"• s R §^5 *-*%% 1 gaasas g CO TABLE 71. — Alien prisoners in penal institutions in the United States, by offense and race: CUSTOMARY CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENSES. [Compiled from original schedules secured by the United States Bureau of Immigration.] •uBoixaK ^^^ o re co -oo 10 i-i ic t— 3 r< feg'SSS ! g| » •JBA-SBK ^^ 00 3 COOCO -^0,^ R 3-822- sl - "UBTUBliq^I^J 'CM 01 II gj CO 00 .-H T»< CO CO S 1 % :3-» : '1 i •q^nog 'UBII^I R-Sg Sli ^^S2 2§So3 1 -r C<" CO IO rH 5-1 ' •qUON 'mimi O •* !N - us co oo »o s OCOCCCN^ ; B| 9S8mq0 •* H >:>>: Offenses against the person: Abduction and kidnaping Assault, simple Assault, violent Homicide and attempted I Rape and attempted rape. Robbery and attempted ro Allother Total Allother Total Offenses against public Anarchv.. Disturbing the pea Incorrigibility.... Intoxication Offenses of dishone Offenses of violence Vagrancv and trua Allot.her Total General Tables, 417 2 S i o r^ GO I i-HQ t-l CO t--< 00 -H p-H»030 CO • t^ — CO «3 : : :-2 iiji :o2« TS :££o § £-S-i '1 ^ «§«§ 3 112 418 The Immigration Commission. 1— 1 CO -Tf« O* t^-Tt< 1C O l>- CD i 1C iO CO O CO "S90BJ Wq^O - i-l CO O > CO «Or-l ^H^H^H . CO CO • >-H OO (N CO Oi-H i-li-ICN 1C (N •qsiii CM i-l U5 1-H i-l CO i-H CO CO • 0} i-H • CN — coco o oeoeocNco •qsiumj lOCOCO • i-Hi-l i-H CO i-l r-l ^ CN CN cooo b. «0 CO 00 •asauiqo •joqio n B i p B u e o •qouaij 1-HU5 00 00 i-l i-l " 1-H t- •UBOUJV General Tables, 419 S !>• lO *O iO «— I SftSfl ,1^ 420 The Immigration Commission. T-tcO (N T-t t _I_,0,1-HCO 00 iO iO •* SOi-H 00 COO n S""1 .CO^ -2 •UBOUJV ther tal st public policy the lulity tion of vio y and y g s ro :£ te e e p H* i 3 : : : ^| ; if Aifi llfis £2 s 55 > llllll 1 tiff inst property: ail and extortion y, breaking and en and fraudulent oli and receiving st s mischief and tr II ! till ns Ad B C III I I II I HI 2 pqo<5 gQfl^O>^ gO COOO i-l I-H CO 00-*TH i-H C5 CO IO CO r— ( 5 CO IO O i— 1 CO •* CO 1-HI> 00 T-H GO CO CO >O -CO q?nog ' i— ( »C CO i-^ ^ "^ » rt O (M «0 t^ N OO O5tN l> CO CO O5tN l-H "» S ' »O OO CO m# f- •UBOTJJV • ^ ->>>^ Pjj|M| .? ilhrfli g> .s : i i Offenses against the person: Assault, simple Assault, violent Homicide and attempted ho Rape and attempted rape . . Robbery and attempted rob Bigamy and polygai All other Total Offenses against public p Disturbing the peace Intoxication Offenses of dishonest Offenses of violence . Vagrancy Allother Total 424 The Immigration Commission, 1 00 I-I l-H OO i-t 8 * II " N (M " 1 I \ "3 1 Offenses against property: Fraudulent offenses "Larrfinv • 4 1 Total defined offenses. . . General Tables, 425 •saotJJ aaqio •qoaoos •qinog •qsr.li •UBOIJJV ^o &§ if .2| :§ st pu g the on and •^H L- -. -> -S H « PklJ 03 S-tZ o3 S ^ ° ® ^ , 9§S K||| I 15-s 3|!S£ 5 a«< cQ5>^ 79340°— VOL 36—11- -28 426 The Immigration Commission. ^HCCco S -?j^s rtrHCNOO COO CM OOi-H l-H OS CO CO CO iO CO O5 o S-" - -'O a g M n S PL'S l ;±s5-s 15 ruct IIIs inst property: nd violent dest rty ail and extortion nd fraudulen and receiving mischief and ISlSSSTSa H 5<-^^Wp5tf<- nses a Arson pro Black Burglary Forgery Larceny erty Malicious ss? •VCN i-t "5 T-H O5 »O ^ I-l o ~; — m •UBTAtmipUBOg '_ CO CO CO CM a ^ •rH • 1 CO IM rH 0 a «wq 11 j ill : •qsnoj 1 ill : i C-J 0 •^,xeK - :•• •* i " OJ CO oc CO CO a >r »S |j 1 u CO -J< r^' •re^K II II ' It 1-1 ^ ;' ' . . : 1 •,,n.S.TOIWI II rH rH i* 00 8~ ^ a] rHrH 04 CO •maoN-o^I <• "!l II i^1 >0 II •qsuj II" <£> rHTj. a N CO rHrH« '.Is •*MqeH £« UBA'SBH _ II M ll : '" i1"1 : j '• '- ! II 1 i : II : •q^nos 'UBIIB^I ^ (M i-lO >^*C4 •qsriSua " r-ilC t^ CO»OC$ oco R cocoso>2 8 co %8£~ •UBI^OJO : : : co rti-teo •asauiqo 1 (M • • C^ «5-* sj 10 iconic 05 CO 3 CO f» uaqio 'UBlpBUBO : ; : : -II EJ •qouaij 'uBipeuBO 1 : : : : : 1 •UBOUJV •i - 1 1 : " :" g 1-1 Offense. Offenses against chastity: Adultery and seduction Bigamy and polygamy Crimes of prostitution Allother Total... Offenses against public policy: Anarchy Disturbing the peace Incorrigibility Intoxication Offenses of dishonesty Offenses of violence Vagrancy Allother Total Offenses against the person: Abduction and kidnaping Assault, simple Assault, violent Homicide Rape Robbery Total Offenses against property: Arson and violent destruction of pro] Blackmail and extortion Burglary Forgery and fraudulent offenses Larceny and receiving stolen propert Malicious mischief and trespass * General Tables. 433 B gjg 0 a 8 8" § - t^- • t^ r~ CO r-( t-- •* t^ a S" B H 85 : R a s : 3 ^ Is s - ~ «0 -; - i R 00 (N I d S" 3 | §M § - cc ! 3 5< g S05 1 8 j 5:" a a ^M 8 § 2^ 2 in o ' 0 0 e^ 8 - CO ior~o s? I r-l »O rH O - • OOWO (N • co oo >o i-i «o to cooo ^ i-l •*• CO OJHO 0005^00 coo as r-» ^00^, 0003= 01<>0!M O rH rHrH ^fi us t^ «oecoo«c eo 0-53 r-t r-i to F— i I-H o co " General Tables. 435 sMss "amis IE1 $ : « r s SB10 IS a , ! !l i H'lV t> o 436 The Immigration Commission. ^ o S s S ^•2 fe •31BAOIS •qsijoj •iprnos ' -^eoi CO 1C t^ 5 s 38*883 •H CO C« Th CO O5O5i 1-1 •n CM ^< t~ lO CO 00 1^ CO OHO 10 CO CO 05 CO C> SS^ -S^ft 9 ncJ'C'^ ^wrt^f^-*-5 ^j-^^-fl^Ot^fl •*JflrO It3 El Ist^l-g l^llii^ !££ C cd J-t Cl aj *c3 ««-i Q «— • in o ^ *c3 ^Pfr^ *P* »rH m « ^ ^ *c3 ^*^cJ 1111 * mm * iiSiim | in General Tables, 437 SIIS LIST OF TEXT TABLES. Page. TABLE 1. Per cent of foreign-born among white prisoners of known nativity enumerated June 30, 1904, and in the general white male popu- lation 15 years of age or over, 1900, by geographic division 3 2. Per cent of native and foreign born white prisoners among those of known nativity, 1904 and 1890, by geographic division 4 3. Native and foreign born white prisoners enumerated June 30, 1904, by geographic division and class of offender; per cent distribu- tion .' 5 4. Per cent of foreign-born white persons among prisoners of known nativity committed during 1904, and in the general white popu- lation 15 years of age or over, 1900, by geographic division and class of offender 6 5. Per cent of persons of foreign parentage among native white prison- ers of known parentage committed during 1904, and in the native white general population, 1900, by geographic division 6 6. Number and per cent of foreign-born persons among white juvenile delinquents of known nativity enumerated June 30, 1904, and in the general white population 10 to 19 years of age, 1900, by geographic division 7 7. Number and per cent of foreign-born among white juvenile delin- quents committed during 1904, and in the general white popula- tion 10 to 19 years of age, 1900, by geographic division 8 8. Deviation of the Irish second generation from the immigrant: New York court of general sessions and Massachusetts penal institutions 14, 15 9. Violation of city ordinances compared with all offenses: New York City magistrates' courts and Chicago police arrests 18 10. Nationalities compared with regard to percentage of crimes : New York City magistrates' courts and Chicago police arrests 22, 23 11. Offenses of personal violence: New York county and supreme courts and Massachusetts penal institutions 24 12. Number of aliens detained in penal institutions for murder and attempt to murder, United States, 1904, by race 25 13. Number of alien prisoners under sentence for homicide and at- tempted homicide, United States, 1908, by race 25 14. Relative frequency of homicide and attempted homicide among alien prisoners, United States, 1908, by race 25 15. Per cent of aliens in prison for homicide or attempted homicide who had been in the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by race 27 16. Number of alien prisoners in the United States, 1908, by race. 28 17. Distribution of classes of crime among alien prisoners, United States, 1908.. 28 18. Per cent distribution of classes of crime among alien prisoners, United States, 1908, by race of prisoner 29 19. Per cent of prisoners under sentence for each class of crime who were committed within three years after arrival in the United States, by race 33 20. Per cent of alien prisoners under sentence for offenses of special gravity whose commitments occurred within three years after arrival in the United States, by race 34 21. Aliens in prison for burglary, homicide, and robbery who had been in the United States" less than three years prior to com- mitment, by race 34 22. Distribution of crimes: New York (city and State), Chicago, and Massachusetts 36 439 440 The Immigration Commission. Page. TABLE 23. Classes of crimes: New York (city and State), Chicago, and Massa- chusetts 37 24. Gainful offenses compared with all offenses: New York (city and State), Chicago, and Massachusetts 40 25. Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses: New York (city and State), Chicago, and Massachusetts 41, 42 26. Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses: New York (city and State), Chicago, and Massachusetts 43 27. Offenses against chastity compared with all offenses: New York (city and State), Chicago, and Massachusetts 45 28. Distribution of crimes of white and negro native-born: New York court of general sessions and Chicago police arrests 48 29. Classes of crimes of white and negro native-born: New York court of general sessions and Chicago police arrests 49 30. Gainful offenses compared with all offenses of white and negro native-born: New York court of general sessions and Chicago police arrests . ; 51 31. Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses of white and negro native-born: New York court of general sessions and Chicago police arrests 52 32. Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses of white and negro native-born: New York court of general sessions and Chicago police arrests 53, 54 33. Offenses against chastity compared with all offenses of white and negro native-born : Chicago police arrests 55 34. Distribution of crimes, by nativity and parentage of offender: New York court of general sessions and Massachusetts penal institutions ' 57 35. Classes of crimes, by nativity and parentage of offender: New York court of general sessions and Massachusetts penal institu- tions 58 36. Gainful offenses compared with all offenses, by nativity and par- entage of offender: New York court of general sessions and Massachusetts penal institutions 60 37. Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses, by nativity and parentage of offender: New York court of general sessions and Massachusetts penal institutions 62 38. Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses, by nativity and parentage of offender: New York court of general sessions and Massachusetts penal institutions 64 39. Offenses against chastity compared with all offenses, by nativity and parentage of offender: Massachusetts penal institutions 66 40. Distribution of crimes, first and second generations compared: Convictions in New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to JuneSO, 1909 68 41. Classes of crimes, first and second generations compared: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909. . 68, 69 42. Gainful offenses compared with all offenses, first and second genera- tions compared: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909 71 43. Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses, first and second generations compared : New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909 74 44. Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses, first and second generations compared: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909 75, 76 45. Deviation of the Irish second generation from the immigrant: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909. . 77 46. Distribution of crimes, first and second generations compared: Commitments to Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 78 47. Deviation of the Irish second generation from the immigrant: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 79 List of Text Tables. 441 Page. TABLE 48. Classes of crimes, first and second generations compared: Massa- chusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 80 49. Gainful offenses compared with all offenses, first and second genera- tions compared: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 81 50. Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses, first and second generations compared: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 • 82 51. Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses, first and . second generations compared: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 83 52. Offenses against chastity compared with all offenses, first and second generations compared: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 84 53. Deviation of the second generation from the immigrant in the direc- tion of the native-born of native father: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 85, 86 54. Population of New York City, 1900, by country of birth 87 55. Distribution of classes of crime: New York City magistrates' courts, January 1, 1901, to December 31, 1908 90 56. Gainful offenses compared with all offenses: New York City magis- trates' courts, 1901 to 1908 92 57. Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses: New York City magistrates' courts, 1901 to 1908 94 58. Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses: New York City magistrates' courts, 1901 to 1908 97 59. Offenses against chastity compared with all offenses: New York City magistrates' courts, 1901 to 1908 100 60. Relative frequency of gainful offenses: New York City magis- trates' courts, 1901 to 1908 101 61. Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence: New York City magistrates' courts, 1901 to 1908 , 102 62. Relative frequency of offenses against public policy: New York City magistrates' courts, 1901 to 1908 103 63. Relative frequency of offenses against chastity: New York City magistrates' courts, 1901 to 1908 103 64. Persons born in Greece held for trial or committed to reformatory or other institution, city magistrates' courts, Manhattan and the Bronx, January 1, 1901, to December 31, 1908, by offense 104 65. Distribution of crimes of Greeks, city magistrates' courts, Man- hattan and the Bronx, 1901 to 1908 104 66. Distribution of classes of crime: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909 107, 108 67. Gainful offenses compared with all offenses: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909 110, 111 68. Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909 113 69. Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909. 115, 116 70. Relative frequency of gainful offenses: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909 117 71. Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909 118 72. Relative frequency of offenses against public policy: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909 118 73. Convictions in New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908, by country of birth of offender 119 74. Distribution by classes of crime: New York county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908 120 75. Gainful offenses compared with all offenses: New York county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908 123 76. Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses: New ' York county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908 126 79340°— VOL 36—11 29 442 The Immigration Commission. Page. TABLE 77. Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses: New York county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908 128 78. Relative frequency of gainful offenses: New York county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908 130 79. Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence: New York county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908 131 80. Relative frequency of offenses against public policy: New York county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908 131 81. Distribution of arrests, Chicago, 1905 to 1908, inclusive, by nation- ality of offender 134 82. Distribution of classes of crime: Chicago police arrests, 1905 to 1908 135 83. Gainful offenses compared with all offenses: Chicago police arrests, 1905 to 1908 139 84. Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses: Chicago police arrests, 1905 to 1908 142 85. Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses: Chicago police arrests, 1905 to 1908 146 86. Offenses against chastity compared with all offenses: Chicago police arrests, 1905 to 1908 151 87. Relative frequency of gainful offenses: Chicago police arrests, 1905 to 1908 . 153,154 88. Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence : Chicago police arrests, 1905 to 1908 154, 155 89. Relative frequency of offenses against public policy: Chicago police arrests, 1905 to 1908 156 90. Relative frequency of offenses against chastity: Chicago police arrests, 1905 to 1908 157 91. Commitments to penal institutions in Massachusetts, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909, by nativity and parentage of offender. 160 92. Distribution of classes of crime: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 161 93. Gainful offensesdcompared with all offenses: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 165, 166 94. Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses: Massa- chusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 168, 169 95. Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses: Massa- chusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 171 96. Per cent distribution of commitments for drunkenness among total commitments, by nativity and descent of offender: Massachu- setts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909. . 173 97. Offenses against chastity compared with all offenses: Massachu- setts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909. . 174 98. Relative frequency of gainful offenses: Massachusetts penal insti- tutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 175 99. Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 176 100. Relative frequency of offenses against public policy: Massachu- setts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909. . 177 101. Relative frequency of offenses against chastity: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 178 102. Alien prisoners in the United States, 1908, by race 179 103. Distribution of classes of crime among alien prisoners in the United States, 1908 181,182 104. Gainful offenses compared with all offenses: Alien prisoners in the United States, 1908 :-- 184 105. Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses: Alien prisoners in the United States, 1908 187 106. Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses: Alien prisoners in the United States, 1908 190 107. Offenses against chastity compared with all offenses: Alien pris- oners in the United States, 1908 192, 193 108. Relative frequency of gainful offenses among alien prisoners in the United States, 1908 194 List of Text Tables. 443 Page. TABLE 109. Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence among alien prisoners in the United States, 1908 195 110. Relative frequency of offenses against public policy among alien prisoners in the United States, 1908 196 111. Relative frequency of offenses against chastity among alien pris- oners in the United States, 1908 197 112. Aliens in prison for gainful offenses who had been in the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by race: United States, 1908 . . 198 113. Aliens in prison for offenses of personal violence who had been in the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by race: United States, 1908 199 114. Aliens in prison for offenses against public policy who had been in the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by race: United States, 1908 200 115. Aliens in prison for offenses against chastity who had been in the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by race: United States, 1908 201 116. Per cent of aliens in prison for each class of crime who had been in the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by race: United States, 1908 202 117. Aliens in prison for offenses of special gravity who had been in the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by race: United States, 1908 204 118. Aliens in prison for burglary who had been in the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by race: United States, 1908 205 119. Aliens in prison for homicide who had been in the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by race: United States, 1908 206 120. Aliens in prison for robbery who had been in the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by race: United States, 1908. 207 121. Per cent distribution of white prisoners enumerated June 30, 1904, and of general white population 10 years of age and over, 1900, by nativity and by States and Territories 210 122. Per cent of major and minor offenders among prisoners enumerated June 30, 1904, classified by color and nativity, and by main geo- graphic divisions 215 123. Distribution of prisoners committed during 1904, by sex, color, nativity, and parentage, and by main geographic divisions. . . 218, 219 124. Per cent distribution of white prisoners of known nativity com- mitted during 1904, classified as major and minor offenders and by States and Territories 221 125. Per cent distribution of native white prisoners of known parentage committed during 1904, classified as major and minor offenders, by parentage and by States and Territories 224, 225 126. Per cent distribution of major and minor offenders committed during 1904, classified by offense and by color, nativity, and country of birth 228, 229 127. Relative frequency of offenses against the person among major offenders committed during 1904, by country of birth of offender. 230 128. Relative frequency of offenses against property among major offenders committed during 1904, by country of birth of offender. 231 129. Relative frequency of drunkenness, disorderly conduct, and vagrancy among minor offenders committed during 1904, by country of birth of offender 232 130. Per cent distribution, by age, of prisoners of known age committed during 1904, classified as major and minor offenders, and by color, nativity, and parentage 233, 234 131. Per cent distribution, by sex and age, of prisoners of known age committed during 1904, classified as major and minor offenders and by color, nativity, and parentage 238, 239 132. Per cent distribution, by citizenship, of foreign-born male prisoners committed during 1904, classified as major and minor offenders, by age and by main geographic divisions 242 444 The Immigration Commission. Page. TABLE 133. Per cent distribution, by literacy, of prisoners committed during 1904, classified as major and minor offenders and by sex, color, nativity, and parentage 245-247 134. Distribution of juvenile delinquents enumerated June 30, 1904, by sex, color, and nativity, and by main geographic divisions.. . 250 135. Per cent distribution of white juvenile delinquents of known nativity enumerated June 30, 1904, by nativity and by States and Territories 252 136. Ratio of juvenile delinquents enumerated on date of census, 1904 and 1890, classified by sex, color, and nativity, and by States and Territories 254, 255 137. Number of juvenile delinquents per 100,000 of population, 1890 and 1904, in States in which the ratio for 1890 exceeded that for 1904, by nativity 257 138. Number and per cent of foreign-born among white juvenile delin- quents of known nativity enumerated June 30, 1904, and in the general white population 10 to 19 years of age, 1900, by geo- graphic division 257 139. Distribution of juvenile delinquents committed during 1904, classified by color, nativity, and sex, and by main geographic divisions 259, 260 140. Per cent distribution of white juvenile delinquents of known nativity committed during 1904, by nativity and by States and Territories 262 141. Distribution of juvenile delinquents of foreign-born father, com- mitted during 1904, by country of birth of father and by main geographic divisions 265 142. Per cent distribution of juvenile delinquents committed during 1904, by offense and by nativity of father 267 143. Per cent distribution, by age, of juvenile delinquents of known age committed during 1904, classified by sex, color, nativity, and parentage 270 144. Per cent distribution, by literacy, of juvenile delinquents 10 years of age and over, committed during 1904, classified by sex, color, and nativity 272 145. Per cent distribution, by language spoken, of juvenile delinquents committed during 1904, classified by color, nativity, and parent- age, and by main geographic divisions 274, 275 LIST OF GENERAL TABLES. TABLE 1. Persons held for trial and committed to reformatory and other institutions, by offense and by country of birth: New York City magistrates' courts, January 1, 1901, to December 31, 1908. (Revised classification of offenses.) 288, 289 2. Persons held for trial and committed to reformatory and other institutions, by offense and by country of birth: New York City magistrates' courts, January 1, 1901, to December 31, 1908. (Customary classification of offenses.) 290, 291 3. Persons held for trial and committed to reformatory and other institutions, by offense and by country of birth: New York City magistrates' courts, January 1 to December 31, 1901 292, 293 4. Persons held for trial and committed to reformatory and other institutions, by offense and by country of birth: New York City magistrates' courts, January 1 to December 31, 1902 294, 295 5. Persons held for trial and committed to reformatory and other institutions, by offense and by country of birth: New York City magistrates' courts, January 1 to December 31, 1903 296, 297 6. Persons held for trial and committed to reformatory and other institutions, by offense and by country of birth: New York City magistrates' courts, January 1 to December 31, 1904 298, 299 1. Persons held for trial and committed to reformatory and other institutions, by offense and by country of birth: New York City magistrates' courts, January 1 to December 31, 1905 300, 301 8. Persons held for trial and committed to reformatory and other institutions, by offense and by country of birth: New York City magistrates' courts, January 1 to December 31, 1906 302, 30$ 9. Persons held for trial and committed to reformatory and other institutions, by offense and by country of birth: New York City magistrates' courts, January 1 to December 31, 1907 304, 305 10. Persons held for trial and committed to reformatory and other institutions, by offense and by country of birth: New York City magistrates' courts, January 1 to December 31, 1908 306, 307 11. Children convicted and committed to reformatory and other institu- tions, by offense and by country of birth: New York children's courts, January 1 to December 31, 1906 308, 309 12. Children convicted and committed to reformatory and other institu- tions, by offense and by country of birth: New York children's courts, January 1 to December 31, 1908 310, 311 13. Persons convicted, by offense and by general nativity and race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909. (Revised classification of offenses.) 312, 313 14. Persons convicted, by offense and by general nativity and race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909. (Customary classification of offenses.) 314, 315 15. Persons convicted and disposition of cases, by general nativity and race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1,1909 316,317 16. Previous convictions of persons convicted, by general nativity and race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909 318 17. Previous convictions of persons convicted, by offense: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909 319 18. Previous convictions of persons convicted of assault, by general nativity and race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909 320 445 446 The Immigration Commission. Page. TABLE 19. Previous convictions of persons convicted of burglary, by general nativity and race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909 321. 322 20. Previous convictions of persons convicted of petit larceny, by general nativity and race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909 323 21. Previous convictions of persons convicted of grand larceny, by general nativity and race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909 324, 325 22. Foreign-born persons convicted, by years in the United States and by race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909 326 23. Political condition of foreign-born males convicted, by race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909. . 326 24. Persons convicted, by offense and by age group: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909 327 25. Literacy of persons convicted, by general nativity and race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909. . . 328 26. Literacy of persons convicted, by offense: New York court of gen- eral sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909 329 27. Conjugal condition of persons convicted, by general nativity and race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909 330 28. Clerks and salesmen convicted, by offense and by general nativity and race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1,1909 331 29. Drivers and teamsters convicted, by offense and by general nativity and race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to Julyl, 1909 332 30. Laborers convicted, by offense and by general nativity and race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909 333 31. Persons convicted, by offense and by occupation: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909 334 32. Persons convicted, by offense, by sex, and by general nativity and * race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909 335, 344 33. Persons convicted, by offense and by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908. (Revised classification of offenses.) . 345 34. Persons convicted, by offense and by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908. (Customary classification of offenses.) 346, 347 35. Persons convicted, by offense and by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1907. . 348, 349 36. Persons convicted, by offense and by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1908. . 350, 351 37. Persons convicted and disposition or cases, by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to Decem- ber 31, 1908 352 38. Persons convicted and disposition of cases, by country of birth : New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1907 . 353 39. Persons convicted and disposition of cases, by country of birth : New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1908 . 354 40. Previous convictions of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908 355 41. Previous convictions of persons convicted, by offense: New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908. 356 42. Persons convicted, by offense and by age group: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1907 357 43. Persons convicted, by offense and by age group: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1908 358 44. Literacy of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908. 359 List of General Tables. 447 Page. TABLE 45. Schooling of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908 359,360 46. Literacy of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1907. . . . 360 47. Schooling of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1907 361 48. Literacy of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1908 361 49. Schooling of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1908 362 50. Literacy of persons convicted, by offense: New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 3908 362, 363 51. Schooling of persons convicted, by offense: New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908 363, 364 52. Literacy of persons convicted, by offense: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1907 365 53. Schooling of persons convicted, by offense: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1907 366 54. Literacy of persons convicted, by offense: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1908 367 55. Schooling of persons convicted, by offense: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1908 368, 369 56. Conjugal condition of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908 369 57. Conjugal condition of persons convicted,, by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1907. 370 58. Conjugal condition of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1908. 370 59. Persons convicted, by detailed offense and by sex and country of birth : New York countv and supreme courts, January 1 to Decem- ber 31, 1907 371-384 60. Persons convicted, by detailed offense and by sex and country of birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to Decem- ber 31, 1908 385-399 61. Police arrests, by offense and by nativity of offender: Chicago police department, 1905 to 1908, inclusive. (Revised classification of offenses.) 400, 401 62. Police arrests, by offense and by nativity of offender: Chicago police department, 1905 to 1908, inclusive. (Customary classification of offenses.) 402, 403 63. Commitments to penal institutions, by offense and by general na- tivity and country of birth: Massachusetts, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909. (Revised classification of offenses.) 404, 405 64. Commitments to penal institutions, by offense and by general na- tivity and country of birth: Massachusetts, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909. (Customary classification of offenses.).. . 406,407 65. Commitments to jails and houses of correction, by offense and by general nativity and country of birth: Massachusetts, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 408, 409 66. Commitments to the reformatory, by offense and by general nativity and country of birth: Massachusetts, October 1, 1908, to Septem- ber 30, 1909 410 67. Commitments to the reformatory prison for women, by offense and by general nativity and country of birth: Massachusetts, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909.'. 411 68. Commitments to the State prison, by offense and by general nativity and country of birth: Massachusetts, October 1, 1908, to Septem- ber 30, 1909 412 69. Commitments to the State Farm, by offense and by country of birth: Massachusetts, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 413 70. Alien prisoners in penal institutions in the United States, by offense and race: 1908 enumeration. (Revised classification of offenses.) 414,415 448 The Immigration Commission. Page. TABLE 71. Alien prisoners in penal institutions in the United States, by offense and race: 1908 enumeration. (Customary classification of offenses.) 416, 417 72. Alien prisoners in county jails and city prisons in the United States, by offense and race: 1908 enumeration 418, 419 73. Alien prisoners in industrial schools and reformatories in the United States, by offense and race: 1908 enumeration 420, 421 74. Alien prisoners in State prisons and penitentiaries in the United States, by offense and race: 1908 enumeration 422 75. Alien prisoners in convict camps in the United States, by offense and race: 1908 enumeration 423 76. Alien prisoners in Federal prisons, by offense and race: 1908 enu- meration 424 77. Alien prisoners on the Massachusetts State Farm, by offense and race: 1908 enumeration 425 78. Alien prisoners in penal institutions in the North Atlantic States, by offense and race: 1908 enumeration 426, 427 79. Alien prisoners in penal institutions in the South Atlantic States, by offense and race: 1908 enumeration 428 80. Alien prisoners in penal institutions in the North Central States, by offense and race: 1908 enumeration 429, 430 81. Alien prisoners in penal institutions in the South Central States, by offense and race: 1908 enumeration 431 82. Alien prisoners in penal institutions in the Western States, by offense and race: 1908 enumeration ". 432, 433 83. Alien prisoners in penal institutions who reported length of resi- dence in the United States, by offense and race: 1908 enumeration. (Revised classification of offenses.) 434, 435 84. Alien prisoners in penal institutions who had been in the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by offense and race: 1908 enumeration. (Revised classification of offenses.). . 436,437 LIST OF CHARTS. Pag«. Number of aliens detained in penal institutions for murder and attempt to murder, 1904 26 Per cent distribution of convictions of three classes of crime, Italians and native whites of native father (New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909) 72 Relative frequency of gainful offenses (New York City magistrates' courts, 1901-1908) v 91 Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence (New York City magistrates' courts, 1901-1908) 95 Relative frequency of intoxication (New York City magistrates' courts, 1901- 1908) 98 Relative frequency of violation of corporation ordinances (New York City magistrates1 courts, 1901-1908) 99 Relative frequency of gainful offenses (New York county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908) 121 Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence (New York county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908) 122 Relative frequency of burglary (New York county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908).. 124 Relative frequency of assault (New York county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908).......... 127 Relative frequency of gainful offenses (Chicago police arrests, 1905-1908) 136 Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence (Chicago police arrests, 1905-1908)...... ... 137 Relative frequency of homicide (Chicago police arrests, 1905-1908) 145 Relative frequency of offenses of violence against public policy (Chicago police arrests, 1905-1908) * t ....... 148 Relative frequency of violation of city ordinances (Chicago police arrests, 1905- Relative frequency of crimes of prostitution (Chicago police arrests, 1905^1908) . 152 Number of alien prisoners in the United States, 1908 180 Age distribution of white prisoners of known age committed during 1904 236 449